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Skooby

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NBA free agency Day 8: Harden's massive extension a good value?



On Day 8 of NBA free agency, here's our team-by-team analysis of the major and minor deals.

Updates on each deal will be posted here throughout the day. Latest addition: Washington matches the offer sheet for Otto Porter.


All deals listed alphabetically by team.







Houston Rockets


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Signed guard James Harden to a four-year extension estimated at $170 million



Under normal circumstances, Harden would not be eligible for an extension so soon after renegotiating and extending his contract last summer, almost exactly a year ago. (That extension, like this one, was announced the second Saturday of July.)

So a clause in the new CBA was written specifically for Harden and Westbrook, allowing them a one-time opportunity to sign extensions this summer under the new designated veteran rules.

Because Harden would have been a 10-year veteran when he hit free agency in the summer of 2019 (presuming he declined a 2019-20 player option) and therefore already eligible for a contract starting at up to 35 percent of the cap, this extension doesn't actually give him any more money than he would have made by opting out then and re-signing with the Rockets. In fact, if that scenario had played out, Harden would have been able to sign for five years instead of the four he was able to add to his contract this way.

So Harden didn't have the same kind of incentive to extend now that younger players will have to sign designated veteran extensions, which allow them to make up 35 percent of the cap instead of the 30 percent that is typically their maximum.

The upside for Harden is the security of locking in max money. He becomes the first NBA player signed through 2022-23. While the actual value of this extension won't be determined until the 2019-20 cap is set in July 2019, based on the current NBA estimate of $108 million, this extension would pay Harden approximately $170 million on top of the nearly $60 million he was already guaranteed the next two seasons.

Compared with Harden, Houston bears the greater share of the risk with such a long deal. That's surely worth it for the security of knowing Harden won't hit free agency again until nearly age 34. Rockets GM Daryl Morey believes in superstars, and he's not about to take any unnecessary chance of letting Harden leave in the near future.

Harden should deliver enough surplus value during the early years of the extension to make up for the fact that he may no longer be a max player by his early 30s. My multiyear projections, which cover the upcoming three seasons, estimate Harden's value at $48.6 million during the 2019-20 season, when he'll make $37.8 million based on the current cap projection.





Minnesota Timberwolves


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Agreed to a two-year, $8.9 million deal with guard Jamal Crawford

Having used their cap space to add a starting point guard (Jeff Teague) and a power forward option (Taj Gibson), the Timberwolves earmarked their room midlevel exception for a backup wing. And a little over a week into free agency, the options there were already thin.

While Minnesota has been linked to C.J. Miles, who would have been a great fit, it's possible the room exception wasn't enough to get him signed. The Timberwolves lost out on Nick Young, who got more money than they could offer next season. Young was signed by the defending champion Golden State Warriors.

After Miles and Young, there was a steep decline in the two-way talent available in free agency. Defense-first options Tony Allen and Luc Richard Mbah a Moute didn't make much sense for Minnesota, which needs shooting to complement starting wings Jimmy Butler and Andrew Wiggins. Among quality shooters, Mike Dunleavy Jr. and Gerald Green looked like the best choices.

Enter Crawford, 37, new to the market after agreeing to a buyout with the Atlanta Hawks on Friday following a trade. In fact, Crawford is so new to the market that he still must officially clear waivers on Sunday before he can sign with the Timberwolves.

Let's be careful not to overstate Crawford's shooting prowess. He's only an average 3-point shooter (36.0 percent last season, 35.0 percent career), though Crawford's high 3-point volume (5.4 attempts per 36 minutes) gives him gravitational pull on a defense. Still, Crawford hasn't scored with average efficiency since 2013-14, when he won the second of his three Sixth Man Awards.

In recent seasons, Crawford has been an inefficient volume scorer, which doesn't appear to fill a need for Minnesota. Assuming coach Tom Thibodeau staggers Butler and Wiggins, the Timberwolves will always have at least one shot creator on the court. We'll see whether Crawford can transition into a smaller role playing with more talent than he did with the LA Clippers' second units.

Playing alongside Butler and Wiggins should help Crawford by protecting him from the toughest defensive matchups. His individual defense has understandably deteriorated in his late 30s, leaving Crawford a significant minus at that end of the court. ESPN's real plus-minus rated Crawford more than three points per 100 possessions worse than league average last season, putting him in the league's bottom 10.

Minnesota could still use more of a 3-and-D option on the wing but will have to try to scrounge one up at the minimum, which is all the Timberwolves can offer now to fill out the remaining four spots on their roster.





Washington Wizards


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Matched the Brooklyn Nets' offer sheet to forward Otto Porter





As expected, the Wizards took about the full two days to match the Nets' offer sheet to Porter, a restricted free agent. None of this should come as a surprise for either party.

Washington has been planning to match a max offer sheet to Porter since at least midseason, which motivated the Wizards to give up a first-round pick to Brooklyn in large part to shed Andrew Nicholson's contract at the trade deadline. (Washington also got Bojan Bogdanovic in that trade, but tax concerns led them to rescind Bogdanovic's qualifying offer, and he agreed to sign with the Indiana Pacers on Friday.)

Having already gone bargain shopping for a Bogdanovic replacement by signing Jodie Meeks, the Wizards now have 15 players under contract. That includes Sheldon Mac and Daniel Ochefu, whose 2017-18 salaries are guaranteed for just $100,000 apiece, but whether they make the team or not, those spots are likely to go to minimum-salary players. As a result, Washington will enter the season about $7 million into the luxury tax with a projected tax bill of $11 million.

As soon as Porter passes his physical -- a process that could take up to an additional four days, as Tim Bontemps of the Washington Post recently explained -- the Nets will be back at about $28 million in cap space, enough to max out Kentavious Caldwell-Pope if Brooklyn is interested in the unrestricted free agent. Caldwell-Pope would be a good defensive fit alongside D'Angelo Russell, but the Nets might prefer a better shooter in that spot because power forward Rondae Hollis-Jefferson gives them little floor spacing.








However, the NBA acknowledged that the new collective bargaining agreement (CBA) that went into effect July 1 hurt Harden and Russell Westbrook -- who signed a similar deal last year -- by denying them the opportunity to take advantage of the new designated veteran extension that would have allowed them to make more money.
 

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Football Outsiders' 30 best NFL offenses of the past 30 years



What makes a great NFL offense? Is the team with the most points the best offense, or do we look for the offense that most efficiently gains yardage? What if a team scores points because of great special teams, or because it was often given good field position? How much yardage does it take to counter a higher turnover rate? And shouldn't all these questions consider how good the defense is on the other side of the field?

These are the kinds of questions Football Outsiders has been analyzing with our advanced metrics since we launched in 2003. Our DVOA (defense-adjusted value over average) metric accounts for all of this, measuring success on each play based on down and distance, then comparing it with an NFL average baseline adjusted for situation and opponent. (You can read more of the details here.) It's built to balance how well a team has played in the past with how well a team will play in the future.



30 years of advanced NFL stats
Now that Football Outsiders has 30 seasons of data for its DVOA metric, we're spending the week ranking the top units, teams and individual seasons during that time frame.

But we aren't just interested in looking at the game today. We're also football historians who love to shine a light on underrated players and teams of the past. That's why we've also spent time going back to past years of the NFL to collect play-by-play data and run our DVOA stats on as many NFL seasons as possible. Ratings each year are normalized, accounting for changes in the NFL's offensive environment over the past 30 years.

This offseason, we finally introduced 1987 and 1988 ratings on our website. And since we now have DVOA for every season from 1987 to 2016, we can now do our own Football Outsiders "30 for 30" with 30 years of play-by-play breakdowns. We'll be doing that all week, counting down the 30 best teams of the past 30 years according to DVOA: offense, defense, special teams and overall.

You can find DVOA stats for all 30 seasons on the stats pages at Football Outsiders, but the ratings we run here will be a bit different. That's because for the first time we've also added in postseason performance, boosting teams that went on strong championship runs and lowering teams that dominated the regular season only to trip over their own feet in the playoffs.

Note: 0 percent DVOA represents the league average, so an offense with a +30 percent mark rated 30 percent better than an average unit. Also, stats other than total offensive DVOA represent the regular season only unless noted. Special thanks to Jeremy Snyder, who did most of the transcription work on the late 1980s and early '90s.

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30. 1998 Minnesota Vikings
+24.0 percent

One of the quirks of the DVOA system is that it seems to underrate some of the most powerful offenses in NFL history, all from around the turn of the century: the 1998 Vikings and the 1999-2001 Rams. Why are these offenses, all of which scored more than 500 points, not ranked higher in DVOA? There are three reasons.

1) Schedule: DVOA is adjusted for the strength of opponents, and all four of these teams played extremely easy schedules. The 1999 Rams, in particular, played the easiest schedule of opposing defenses of any team in the past 30 years.

2) Domes: DVOA adjusts for the fact that offenses are generally better indoors, and each of these four teams played at least 10 of 16 regular-season games indoors.

3) Long touchdowns: DVOA limits the value of extra-long touchdowns, because explosive plays are difficult to duplicate. Often the only real difference between a 40-yard touchdown and a 60-yard touchdown is where the initial line of scrimmage was, and consistently moving the chains is usually a better indicator of future offensive success than depending on long touchdowns. However, it can certainly be argued that long touchdowns are more consistent for teams at the extremes, and no player over the past 30 years could consistently destroy defenses deep more than Randy Moss.

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29. 2000 St. Louis Rams
+24.5 percent

The 2000 Rams couldn't follow up on their Super Bowl title because the defense collapsed, ranking 27th in DVOA that season. However, 2000 was the best year for the "Greatest Show on Turf" offense, even though Kurt Warner got injured and was replaced by Trent Green for five games. The Rams set the all-time NFL record by averaging 6.98 yards per play; no other team since 1960 has been over 6.7. The 2000 Rams also set an all-time record for highest team rushing DVOA (+36.5 percent).


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28. 1994 San Francisco 49ers
+24.5 percent

The 49ers faced the easiest offensive schedule in the league in 1994, and their running backs averaged just 3.7 yards per carry. If these rankings included only the regular season, the 49ers would have ranked No. 77 among offenses since 1987. However, they were phenomenal in the postseason, scoring 131 points in three games with only two turnovers.

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27. 1993 Dallas Cowboys
+24.8 percent

Troy Aikman threw a league-low six interceptions in 1993, compared with the NFL average of 17. The 1993 Cowboys would move up to No. 19 if we took out the first two weeks of the season, where Emmitt Smith held out and the Cowboys lost 35-16 (to Washington) and 13-10 (to Buffalo).

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26. 2006 San Diego Chargers
+25.4 percent

This was LaDainian Tomlinson's MVP year, in which he set an NFL record with 31 total touchdowns and added two more in the soul-crushing AFC divisional-round loss to New England. The 2006 Chargers rank as the No. 10 rushing team in DVOA history, and the 2003 and 2005 Chargers are also in the top 20.

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25. 2006 Indianapolis Colts
+25.8 percent

In the regular season, this was one of the most unbalanced teams of the past 30 years: No. 1 on offense but No. 25 on both defense and special teams. The postseason, of course, was a different story, as the defense stiffened and helped Peyton Manning win his first title.


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24. 1988 Cincinnati Bengals
+26.5 percent

The Bengals led the NFL in both passing and rushing DVOA. Boomer Esaison led the NFL in passer rating and won the MVP award, and running backs James Brooks and Ickey Woods each averaged 5-plus yards per carry with more than 180 carries apiece. The offense slowed down in the playoffs, scoring just 19.3 points per game on their way to a Super Bowl loss.

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23. 1998 San Francisco 49ers
+26.8 percent

Steve Young's last hurrah: He led the NFL with 36 passing touchdowns, and Garrison Hearst led all running backs with 5.1 yards per carry. Opponents keyed on Jerry Rice, who caught just 54 percent of his targets, but that opened things up for Terrell Owens to catch 67 passes for 1,097 yards and 14 touchdowns.

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22. 1990 Buffalo Bills
+26.8 percent

The Bills led the NFL in offensive DVOA for 1990, but they wouldn't make this list if their postseason performance weren't incorporated. They scored 44 points on the Miami Dolphins (eighth in defensive DVOA that year) and then demolished the Los Angeles Raiders (13th in defensive DVOA) 51-3. In the Super Bowl, of course, they scored only 19 points instead of 22.

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21. 2000 Indianapolis Colts
+27.0 percent

The first of six seasons in which Peyton Manning led NFL quarterbacks in passing DVOA. Tom Brady has done it three times, and no other quarterback has done it more than twice. The Colts' rating actually goes up when we add in their 23-17 playoff loss to Miami; the Colts won the turnover battle 3-0, and it's hard to blame Manning and the offense for giving up 258 rushing yards.

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20. 1991 Washington Redskins
+27.1 percent

The average NFL team allowed 35 sacks in 1991. The Hogs allowed only nine, and two of those were sacks of backup Jeff Rutledge in a meaningless Week 17 loss. Mark Rypien led the NFL in passing DVOA, and Gerald Riggs was the ultimate short-yardage vulture. Including the playoffs, Riggs carried the ball 21 times inside the 2 and scored on 15 of those.

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19. 2016 Atlanta Falcons
+27.2 percent

You might remember these guys. The Falcons' performance last year is even more impressive when you consider their defensive schedule ranked fourth during the 2016 regular season. Nine of their 16 games came against teams ranked 11th or higher in pass defense DVOA.

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18. 1992 Dallas Cowboys
+28.3 percent

Michael Irvin led all wide receivers in receiving DYAR, and Emmitt Smith led all running backs in rushing DYAR. (DYAR, or Defense-adjusted Yards Above Replacement, measures a player's total value for a given season rather than value per play.) Their playoff performance gives them a boost in this ranking, with a 34-10 win over Philadelphia (No. 2 in defense in 1992) and then a 52-17 Super Bowl shellacking of Buffalo (No. 10 in defense).

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17. 2005 Seattle Seahawks
+29.4 percent

The Seahawks' recent run of success has been driven by defense, but many fans outside the Pacific Northwest forget just how good Seattle's first Super Bowl team was on offense. Shaun Alexander won league MVP with 370 carries for 1,892 yards and 27 touchdowns, and Seattle's top five receivers each caught at least 65 percent of their targets.
 

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The worst offenses of the past 30 years


5. 2006 Oakland Raiders (minus-37.0 percent): Andrew Walter, Aaron Brooks and Marques Tuiasosopo combined to throw seven touchdowns with 23 interceptions, and the Raiders were shut out three times despite playing the second-easiest offensive schedule that season. Even the Rams, who ranked 30th in defensive DVOA in 2006, shut out the Raiders, forcing five turnovers.

4. 2016 Los Angeles Rams (minus-37.8 percent): Jared Goff had the fifth-worst season by a quarterback in our database even though he started for just half the season.

3. 2005 San Francisco 49ers (minus-40.4 percent): As bad as Goff's rookie season was, Alex Smith's rookie season was actually worse on a per-play basis. (Goff had a passing DVOA of minus-75 percent, while Smith was at minus-89 percent.) The 49ers started four different quarterbacks in 2005 and scored 10 points or fewer in seven different games.

2. 1992 Seattle Seahawks (minus-41.3 percent): While the late, great Cortez Kennedy led a fantastic defense that ranked third in DVOA, quarterbacks Stan Gelbaugh and Kelly Stouffer led an offense that scored in the single digits eight times and never scored more than 17 points. Neither quarterback could complete 50 percent of his passes. Seattle's average of 3.57 yards per play is the lowest of any team since the introduction of a 16-game schedule in 1978.

1. 2002 Houston Texans (minus-43.3 percent): Expansion is hard. David Carr took 76 sacks and had the lowest passing DYAR of any quarterback in the past 30 years. As noted in the main section, tight end Billy Miller had a career year, so DVOA rated Carr as 67 percent better than average when throwing to Miller and 65 percent worse than average the rest of the time. The running game was even worse than the passing game, with a committee of Jonathan Wells (2.7 yards per carry) and James Allen (3.3).





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16. 2013 Denver Broncos
+31.0 percent

Peyton Manning blew away the NFL record with 55 passing touchdowns, which is how the Broncos rank so high despite a running game that was good but not great (10th in DVOA). This Broncos team has the sixth-best passing DVOA ever despite getting penalized for an easy schedule (30th).

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15. 2011 Green Bay Packers
+31.4 percent

This was Aaron Rodgers' greatest season, though it's a bit tarnished by a 37-20 upset loss to the Giants in the divisional round. If we look only at the regular season, the 2011 Packers are the No. 5 offense in DVOA history and are tied with the 2004 Colts as the No. 2 passing offense.

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14. 1995 Dallas Cowboys
+31.5 percent

Based on DVOA, this was the strongest offense of the Triplets dynasty, the best season for Michael Irvin and Emmitt Smith. In conventional stats, Smith had 1,773 rushing yards on 4.7 yards per carry, plus 25 touchdowns. In our advanced stats, Smith had 505 rushing DYAR, the fourth-highest total ever, because all those yards and touchdowns came against a schedule that included six games against the top six run defenses in the league. Meanwhile, Irvin caught 111 passes for 1,603 yards and added another 202 yards in Defensive Pass Interference gains; he earned 591 receiving DYAR, the most productive wide receiver season we've measured in 30 years.

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13. 2004 Kansas City Chiefs
+31.6 percent

Here's the first appearance (though the last chronologically) by the great forgotten offensive juggernaut of the modern NFL. Injuries meant the Chiefs had to split their running game between three backs, but Priest Holmes, Larry Johnson and Derrick Blaylock combined for 2,012 rushing yards at 4.6 yards per carry with 31 rushing touchdowns, plus another 711 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns. This is also one of three Tony Gonzalez seasons in the all-time FO top 10 for tight ends (2000 and 2012 are the others). Despite all the offensive firepower, the Chiefs couldn't even manage a winning record. They went 7-9 because they ranked 30th in defensive DVOA and went 3-7 in one-score games.


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12. 2012 New England Patriots
+31.8 percent

The 2012 Patriots led the league in points scored despite facing one of the league's 10 hardest defensive schedules. They scored at least 40 points five times in the regular season, then a sixth time against Houston in the playoffs, but Baltimore limited them to a season-low 13 points to win the AFC Championship Game in Foxborough.

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11. 1993 San Francisco 49ers
+32.3 percent

San Francisco averaged 6.30 yards per play in 1993, when no other offense was above 5.65. Halfback Ricky Watters, fullback Marc Logan and quarterback Steve Young each averaged at least 4.6 yards per carry compared with an NFL average of 3.9, which is how the 1993 49ers rank No. 4 all time in rushing DVOA despite not having a single runner with more than 1,000 yards.

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10. 1989 San Francisco 49ers
+32.4 percent

This was Jerry Rice's best season by FO stats: 1,483 yards and 17 touchdowns with a 64 percent catch rate added up to 563 receiving DYAR, the fourth-highest total of the past 30 years. Joe Montana completed 70.2 percent of his passes, one of only two quarterbacks before the year 2000 to complete 70 percent of passes with at least a dozen games started. Despite these impressive numbers, the 1989 49ers would be 25th in offensive DVOA if we looked only at the regular season. But this team made its legend in the playoffs. The 49ers had a 41-13 win over the Vikings (No. 2 in defensive DVOA), dominated the Rams (No. 13 in defense) 30-3 and then won the Super Bowl 55-10 over the Broncos (No. 4 in defense).

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9. 2011 New England Patriots
+32.6 percent

In 2011, Rob Gronkowski had perhaps the greatest season by a tight end in NFL history: 1,329 yards and 18 touchdowns with a 73 percent catch rate. Gronkowski's 461 receiving DYAR in 2011 is the highest ever for a tight end by a gigantic margin, nearly 100 DYAR higher than any other season in our 30-year database. The rest of the Patriots' offense wasn't shabby either: Tom Brady and Wes Welker each finished third at their positions in DYAR, and BenJarvus Green-Ellis, Stevan Ridley and Danny Woodhead combined to put the Patriots fourth in rushing DVOA. The offense was good enough to lift the Patriots to a 13-3 record and the Super Bowl despite ranking a dismal 30th in defensive DVOA.

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8. 2004 Indianapolis Colts
+33.4 percent

This was arguably Peyton Manning's greatest season, and the Colts dominated offensively in every way you might imagine. As noted earlier, the 2004 Colts are tied with the 2011 Green Bay Packers as the second-best pass offense in DVOA history. Reggie Wayne led all wide receivers in DYAR, with Brandon Stokley finishing fourth and Marvin Harrison 15th. Edgerrin James ranked third among running backs in rushing DYAR and second in receiving DYAR. The Colts' 49-24 wild-card victory over Denver (No. 5 in defensive DVOA) was so commanding that their offensive DVOA actually went up in the playoffs despite a 20-3 loss to New England in the AFC Championship Game.

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7. 2003 Kansas City Chiefs
+34.2 percent

This is the one year things came together for the dikk Vermeil-era Chiefs: They went 13-3 because the fantastic offense was paired with the No. 1 special teams (this was the year of Dante Hall) and a defense that improved all the way to 25th. Hey, every bit helps. Priest Holmes led all running backs in both rushing DYAR and success rate, gaining 1,420 yards and 27 touchdowns. He added 74 catches for 690 receiving yards and was second among backs in receiving DYAR, behind Minnesota's Moe Williams, who had a career year. Tony Gonzalez led all tight ends in receiving value, and Trent Green was second in passing value behind Peyton Manning. In the playoffs, Manning and Green famously dueled in a game in which neither team had to punt even once; the Colts won 38-31.

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6. 1992 San Francisco 49ers
+34.3 percent

From an offensive perspective, this was the pinnacle of the 49ers' glory years, and the team went 14-2 despite being just average on defense and special teams. San Francisco led the NFL with both 7.6 net yards per pass attempt and 4.8 rushing yards per carry. This was the most run-focused of the great 49ers teams, partly because wide receiver John Taylor broke his leg halfway through the season against the Jets. However, Steve Young still led all quarterbacks in passing DYAR and finished second in rushing DYAR behind Randall Cunningham, Jerry Rice was fourth in receiving DYAR among wideouts and Brent Jones was No. 1 among tight ends.
 

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5. 2011 New Orleans Saints
+35.3 percent

Eight of the top 10 seasons in Football Outsiders' quarterback DYAR belong to Peyton Manning and Tom Brady. The two interlopers are Drew Brees and Aaron Rodgers -- both in the same season, 2011. That year saw three offenses play at a historic level, but the Saints were more balanced than the Packers or Patriots, ranking third in passing and second in rushing. Four backs had at least 75 carries for New Orleans, but the standouts were Pierre Thomas (5.1 yards per carry) and Darren Sproles (6.9). Sproles also led all running backs in receiving DYAR and caught 86 passes for 710 yards and seven touchdowns. This was also a big season for Marques Colston (sixth in DYAR among wide receivers) and Jimmy Graham (second among tight ends).


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4. 2002 Kansas City Chiefs
+35.4 percent

The Chiefs went 8-8 in 2002, but that sure wasn't Priest Holmes' fault. Holmes gained 5.2 yards per carry for 1,615 rushing yards with 21 touchdowns and added 70 catches for 672 yards and another three touchdowns. By total rushing and receiving DYAR, it was the No. 2 running back season of the past 30 years, trailing only Marshall Faulk's 2000 campaign. Of course, the Chiefs had also led the league in rushing DVOA in 2001. The change in 2002? A huge improvement from the passing game, which went from 17th to first in Trent Green's second season with the Chiefs. Much like today's Chiefs, the passing game of the Vermeil-era Chiefs was based more on running backs and a stud tight end rather than star wide receivers, though Eddie Kennison did have 906 yards and averaged 17.1 yards per reception. This was one of the rare years in which Tony Gonzalez didn't lead tight ends in receiving DYAR; he ranked second behind a career year from Billy Miller of the expansion Texans.

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3. 1998 Denver Broncos
+38.3 percent

The 1998 Broncos had to overcome a lot to rank as one of the most powerful offenses in NFL history. Injuries kept John Elway out of three games and most of two others, and they faced the fourth-hardest schedule of opposing defenses that season. The Broncos' offense was not just potent but balanced, one of only two units to rank among the 25 best passing teams and the 25 best rushing teams during this 30-year time frame. The running game was the focus, of course, and only the 2000 Rams and 2011 Panthers had a higher rushing DVOA than the 1998 Broncos. Terrell Davis won the NFL MVP award with more than 2,000 rushing yards and 21 touchdowns, even though division rivals San Diego and Oakland ranked first and third in run defense DVOA. (Atlanta, the team Denver beat in the Super Bowl, ranked second.) Combine his performance with the opponent adjustment, and Davis had 602 rushing DYAR, the best season for any back in the past 30 years. The passing game was just as strong: Ed McCaffrey and Rod Smith both ranked among the top eight most valuable wide receivers, and Shannon Sharpe was second among tight ends behind New England's Ben Coates.

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2. 2010 New England Patriots
+39.4 percent

Only the Patriots could put an historically potent offense on the field during what was effectively a transition year. The Patriots traded one of the greatest receivers in NFL history, Randy Moss, just four games into the season. They rebuilt the offense around two-tight end sets featuring rookies Rob Gronkowski and Aaron Hernandez, and Brady threw 36 touchdowns with just four interceptions. The Patriots also put together a phenomenal running game, with BenJarvus Green-Ellis averaging 4.4 yards per carry and Danny Woodhead averaging 5.6. The Pats led the league in passing DVOA and were second in rushing DVOA, making them other team besides the 1998 Broncos to rank among the top 25 of the past 30 years in both.

The Patriots led the league in scoring despite trading away Moss, but what really drives the high DVOA rating of this season is that they did it while playing the toughest schedule of opposing defenses in the league. Including the upset playoff loss to the Jets, the Patriots had to play 10 of 17 games against teams that ranked ninth or better in defensive DVOA.

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1. 2007 New England Patriots
+41.1 percent

The No. 1 offense of the past 30 years probably isn't a surprise to many, although the Patriots fell back a bit after blowing the doors off the league for the first two months of the season. They had 49.3 percent DVOA before the bye week, 35.7 percent for the past seven games of the regular season and then 28.1 percent for the playoffs. Still, the Brady-Moss combination was unstoppable for most of the year. Brady had the most passing DYAR of any quarterback in our database, and Moss ranks second in receiving DYAR behind only Michael Irvin in 1995. The New England offense set a slew of NFL records despite playing a schedule that was slightly tougher than average (11th in the NFL during the regular season).
 

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Football Outsiders' 30 best NFL teams of the past 30 years


All week, we've been taking a look at the best NFL teams of the past 30 years, based on Football Outsiders' advanced DVOA metric. We've looked at offense, defense and special teams. Today we combine them all to look at the best overall teams of the past 30 years. There's an easy choice for No. 1: The one team that made the top 30 for all three units.

Once again, we can tell you that our DVOA (defense-adjusted value over average) metric accounts for all of this, measuring success on each play based on down and distance, then comparing it to an NFL average baseline adjusted for situation and opponent. (You can read more of the details here.) It's built to balance a measurement of how well a team has played in the past with a forecast of how well a team will play in the future. Ratings each year are normalized, accounting for changes in the NFL's offensive environment over the past 30 years.



30 years of advanced NFL stats
Now that Football Outsiders has 30 seasons of data for its DVOA metric, we're spending the week ranking the top units, teams and individual seasons during that time frame.

You can find DVOA stats for all 30 seasons on the stats pages at Football Outsiders, but the ratings we run here will be a bit different. That's because for the first time, we've added postseason performance, and that boosts teams that went on strong championship runs and lowers teams that dominated the regular season only to trip over their own feet in the playoffs.

It's important to remember that DVOA is measuring efficiency on a per-play basis, rather than looking at top-line wins and losses. As such, you'll see some teams ranked higher than teams they might have beaten in the playoffs. Although we are including playoff performance here, that doesn't render the regular season moot. Two teams that didn't make it to the Super Bowl made our top 10.

Note: 0 percent DVOA represents the league average, so a team with a +35 percent mark rated 35 percent better than an average unit. Also, stats other than total DVOA represent the regular season only, unless noted. Special thanks to Jeremy Snyder, who did most of the transcription work on the late 1980s and early '90s.



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30. 1999 St. Louis Rams
+31.6 percent

As noted in the top-30 offenses piece, DVOA rates the 1999 Rams' offense surprisingly low, but it also rates the 1999 Rams' defense surprisingly high: third in the NFL. St. Louis also had a top-10 special-teams unit. But the Rams' overall rating took a huge hit from playing the easiest schedule of the past 30 years. Their average opponent ended the year with a DVOA of minus-15.7 percent. That'd be like playing the 2016 Bears or Jaguars every week.

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29. 2005 Pittsburgh Steelers
+32.3 percent

The Steelers were the first 6-seed to win a Super Bowl, but they weren't really the kind of team we normally associate with the sixth seed. They went 11-5 and finished fourth in the league in total DVOA but lost both the AFC North and the 5-seed on tiebreakers. The Steelers finished in the top 10 in all three phases of the game. Still, they would be only No. 60 on this list if we didn't include DVOA for their fantastic Super Bowl run, which required beating the three teams that finished above them in DVOA: Indianapolis (1), Denver (2) and Seattle (3).

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28. 2006 San Diego Chargers
+32.4 percent

Marty Schottenheimer's greatest team combined the No. 2 offense with the No. 3 special teams and an average defense. The Chargers' upset loss to the Patriots pivoted on a play on which Troy Brown stripped the ball from Marlon McCree after a Tom Brady pick.


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27. 2010 Pittsburgh Steelers
+32.8 percent

The first Pittsburgh team to lose a Super Bowl had a higher DVOA than the Green Bay team that beat it in the Super Bowl (No. 66 overall team since 1987) and the Steelers team that won the title two years before (No. 77). The Steelers combined the best defense in the league with the No. 5 offense.


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26. 2000 Baltimore Ravens
+32.9 percent

Baltimore had a DVOA of 24.1 percent in the regular season, which ranks No. 95 in the past 30 years, but the dominant playoff run moves the Ravens into the top 30.

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25. 1990 New York Giants
+33.4 percent

The Bills were 7-point favorites in Super Bowl XXV, but if Football Outsiders had existed at the time, the Giants would have been an easy pick -- not just to cover but to win outright. Although the Bills finished the regular season 13-3, they finished just sixth in overall DVOA in 1990. The Giants ranked No. 1 overall, with the No. 7 offense, No. 4 defense and No. 2 special teams.

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24. 2001 Philadelphia Eagles
+33.4 percent

DVOA famously had a habit of rating the Andy Reid-era Eagles higher than their win-loss records would otherwise suggest, but this rating isn't about the offense. The Eagles were No. 1 on both defense and special teams in 2001. This was the highest-rated of Reid's teams, with an asterisk: The 2004 Eagles (No. 53) would be neck and neck with the 2001 Eagles except for the two games at the end of the regular season in which they rested starters.

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23. 2005 Seattle Seahawks
+33.8 percent

Seattle had the best offense in the NFL but was just average on defense and special teams. The Seahawks would be No. 46 if we counted only the regular season, but they vault into the top 30 thanks to their 34-14 smacking of the Panthers in the NFC Championship Game. The only offensive touchdown for the Panthers that day came when they were down 34-7 with five minutes left.

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22. 1994 Dallas Cowboys and 21. 1994 San Francisco 49ers
+34.1 and +34.6 percent

DVOA isn't interested in being counterintuitive: The Cowboys and 49ers dominate our ratings like they dominated everything else in the early '90s. The eight Cowboys/49ers squads from 1992 to 1995 all rank No. 54 or higher in this time frame. The Cowboys rated as the better regular-season team in 1994, in part because of San Francisco's crazy 40-8 blowout loss to Philadelphia in Week 5. However, the 49ers' big postseason moves them not only into the top 30 but also slightly past the Cowboys.

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20. 2004 Pittsburgh Steelers
+34.7 percent

The Steelers ranked eighth in offensive DVOA with rookie Ben Roethlisberger at quarterback. They were third on defense and 10th on special teams, and their schedule strength ranked seventh in the league. They take a bit of a hit from their postseason performance, as they needed overtime to beat the Jets and then lost to the Patriots 41-27.

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19. 2012 New England Patriots and 18. 2012 Denver Broncos
+34.8 and +34.9 percent

It's not like the Baltimore Ravens had a bad team in 2012 -- they ranked eighth overall in DVOA -- but going on the road to beat Denver and New England was a phenomenal pair of back-to-back upsets. The Patriots combined the No. 12 offense in DVOA history with top-five special teams and an average defense in 2012. The Broncos combined the second-best offense of 2012 with a top-five defense and average special teams.


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17. 2000 Tennessee Titans
+35.2 percent

What Super Bowl Loser's Curse? The Titans were the real best team of 2000 until the Ravens upset them 24-10 in the divisional round in a game in which the Titans outgained the Ravens 317 yards to 134 and turned the ball over only once. The Titans had an average offense but the top defense of the regular season and top-five special teams.

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16. 1995 San Francisco 49ers
+35.5 percent

The 49ers were the No. 1 team overall in the 1995 regular season, surpassing the Cowboys, but another strong Super Bowl run moves Dallas ahead in this ranking. The 49ers had the best defense in the league and the No. 5 offense in 1995. They ranked just 22nd on special teams, which ties the 2000 Ravens' offense as the lowest regular-season ranking for any unit among the 30 teams on this list.



The worst teams of the past 30 years


5. 2008 St. Louis Rams (minus-47.1 percent): Dead last on offense, 30th on defense and 20th on special teams. Head coach Scott Linehan was fired after an 0-4 start in which the Rams were outscored by a combined 147-43. Yet they weren't even the worst team that season.

4. 1991 Indianapolis Colts (minus-47.7 percent): Second-year quarterback Jeff George led one of the 10 worst offenses in DVOA history. The Colts were also 25th on defense and 19th on special teams that season. Their only win came by a single point, 28-27 over the 8-8 Jets.

3. 2008 Detroit Lions (minus-48.4 percent): The only 0-16 team in NFL history, the Lions combined the fourth-worst defense in DVOA history with the No. 30 offense of 2008. But, hey: The special teams were slightly above average!

2. 2009 Detroit Lions (minus-51.6 percent): DVOA says the Lions were worse the season after their 0-16 season. The defense was a little better but remained the worst in the league, while the offense and special teams both fell to 31st. Detroit won two games by a combined six points over two other teams with losing records.

1. 2005 San Francisco 49ers (minus-55.5 percent): The 49ers combined the third-worst offense in DVOA history with the 36th-worst defense. They somehow managed to pull off four victories, all by less than a touchdown. But their 12 losses were abysmal, featuring such scores as 42-3, 28-3, 52-17 and 41-3.
 

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15. 1988 San Francisco 49ers
+36.8 percent

This was a very balanced team: fourth on offense, fourth on defense and seventh on special teams. The 49ers' DVOA rating is a far better indicator of their performance in 1988 than their 10-6 record, as four of their losses came by less than a touchdown. They also easily discarded the Vikings 34-9 and the Bears 28-3 on their way to the Super Bowl.

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14. 2012 Seattle Seahawks
+36.9 percent

This was the first year of Seattle's DVOA dynasty, in which the Seahawks finished four straight seasons as the regular season's No. 1 in total team efficiency. The Seahawks ranked fourth on offense, second on defense and third on special teams. However, they went only 11-5, in part because they played the fourth-hardest schedule in the NFL and in part because they were 5-5 in games decided by a touchdown or less. That record sent them on the road for the playoffs, and they lost 30-28 in Atlanta.

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13. 1995 Dallas Cowboys
+37.4 percent

The 1995 Cowboys fell from second to 13th in defensive DVOA, despite signing Deion Sanders away from the 49ers, but they made that up with their best offensive season (14th in DVOA history). They also get a boost from their playoff run, in which they spanked the Eagles 30-11 and beat the No. 4 (Green Bay) and No. 5 (Pittsburgh) teams to win the Super Bowl.

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12. 2015 Seattle Seahawks
+37.8 percent

The Seahawks started the 2015 season 2-4 and slowly rose through the DVOA ranks until they were back on top. Seattle barely passed Cincinnati to rank No. 1 on offense when the Bengals declined after Andy Dalton's injury. The Seahawks were No. 4 on defense and No. 3 on special teams. Their Week 17 matchup with Arizona set up the first-ever DVOA Bowl, a final-week meeting between the No. 1 and No. 2 teams in our ratings, but the Cardinals ruined the fun when they pulled their starters at halftime.

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11. 2004 New England Patriots
+39.6 percent

The Patriots ranked second behind Pittsburgh during the regular season: No. 3 on offense, No. 7 on defense and a surprising No. 16 on special teams. It was the closest they came to breaking their remarkable 21-year streak of above-average special teams. The Patriots went 14-2 despite playing the hardest schedule of any team on this top-30 list. Then they dominated the playoffs, forcing 11 turnovers in three games while turning the ball over only once themselves.

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10. 2010 New England Patriots
+40.6 percent

Based on the regular season alone, the 2010 Patriots were the No. 4 team in DVOA history. Their offense ranks No. 2 all-time, and it was so powerful that the Patriots rank this high despite finishing 21st on defense in 2010. The Patriots were absurdly hot entering the postseason after winning their final five games by the combined score of 184-47. Then, somehow, they lost 28-21 at home to the New York Jets, a team they had defeated 45-3 just six weeks earlier. It was one of the greatest upsets in NFL history.


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9. 2002 Tampa Bay Buccaneers
+41.0 percent

The 2002 Bucs were the opposite of the 2010 Patriots: It was the defense, No. 2 in DVOA history, that far outweighed the mediocre offense, which ranked 20th in the league that season. Instead of bowing out with a huge upset in the playoffs, the 2002 Bucs easily marched to the Lombardi trophy. They beat No. 9 San Francisco 31-6, No. 3 Philadelphia 27-10 and No. 2 Oakland 48-21. Without the postseason, Tampa Bay would be 27th on this list.

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8. 1998 Denver Broncos
+41.9 percent

The 1998 Broncos were very similar to the 2010 Patriots: No. 1 on offense, No. 20 on defense and No. 9 on special teams. The difference is that the Broncos played a lot better in the postseason. It started with a 38-3 pummeling of the No. 4 team, Miami, which led the league in defensive DVOA that year. Then the Broncos easily took out the No. 2 Jets 23-10. (Yes, there really was a season in which the Jets were the second-best team in the NFL. That is not a misprint.) Finally, the Broncos beat No. 7 Atlanta 34-19 in the Super Bowl for their second straight title. In case you are wondering, the 1997 Broncos are No. 39 on this list.

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7. 1992 Dallas Cowboys
+42.4 percent

The Cowboys led the NFL in DVOA during the 1992 regular season with the No. 2 offense, No. 5 defense and No. 8 special teams. But it was the Philadelphia Eagles, not the San Francisco 49ers, who finished No. 2. The Cowboys and Eagles faced off in the divisional round, a battle of the top two teams in DVOA ... and Dallas ran Philly off the field 34-10. The Eagles' solitary touchdown came with less than a minute left in the game. For good measure, the Cowboys then beat No. 3 San Francisco 30-20 in the NFC Championship Game and took out the No. 7 Bills 52-17 in the Super Bowl.


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6. 2013 Seattle Seahawks
+43.2 percent

The 2013 Seahawks featured the eighth-best defense in DVOA history. They ranked seventh on offense and fifth on special teams for the season. Seattle's three losses all came by a touchdown or less, and their 43-8 Super Bowl blowout of Denver ranks as one of the 20 best single-game performances in DVOA history.

This is the third team from the Seattle DVOA dynasty to appear in the top 30. The other team in that four-year run, the 2014 Seahawks, ranks No. 38 on this list.

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5. 1987 San Francisco 49ers
+44.1 percent

Of course, 1987 was a very strange season, with only 12 games featuring full lineups of NFL players due to the strike. But it's still remarkable that the 1987 49ers are the only team in DVOA history to finish the season with the No. 1 offense and defense. (We don't count the three strike games in these ratings, but hey, the 49ers had the best DVOA in the league for those three games too.)

Like the 2010 Patriots, the 1987 49ers were absurdly hot entering the postseason. They won their final three games by a combined score of 124-7. That included a 41-0 victory over Chicago, a team that finished the season fifth in our ratings! Everything looked set up for another San Francisco championship -- until a huge upset in the divisional round. Minnesota, which ranked No. 12 in DVOA, went to Candlestick Park and beat the 49ers 36-24. Anthony Carter sliced through the 49ers' defense for 227 receiving yards, while Joe Montana went 12-for-26 with just 109 passing yards.

There's a decent argument that Minnesota's win over San Francisco in the 1987 playoffs was a bigger upset than the Giants' spoiling the Patriots' perfect season in Super Bowl XLII. The DVOA gap between the teams was almost as large, and though the Super Bowl is played on a neutral field, the 49ers had home-field advantage. They also had a week of rest that the Vikings didn't get. And they lost by a wider margin than the 2007 Patriots.

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4. 1996 Green Bay Packers
+45.8 percent

A fantastic all-around team. Even though Brett Favre won MVP, the offense is the only unit that didn't make our top-30 lists. It ranked third in 1996 behind that of Baltimore and Washington and ranks 100th out of 917 offenses since 1987. However, the defense ranked 21st and the special teams finished 27th. Green Bay won nine games by at least three touchdowns, including a 35-14 divisional-round win over the second-best team by DVOA that season, the San Francisco 49ers.


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3. 1989 San Francisco 49ers
+48.1 percent

George Seifert took over for Bill Walsh as San Francisco's head coach, but the change couldn't knock the 49ers from their usual perch at the top of the league. They were excellent in the regular season, combining the No. 1 offense with the No. 5 defense. But their dominant postseason run moves them from 12th up to third on this list. That run included two of the 25 best single-game DVOA performances ever: +135.2 percent in a 30-3 NFC championship win over the No. 3 Rams and +126.6 percent in a 55-10 Super Bowl shellacking of the No. 4 Broncos.

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2. 2007 New England Patriots
+50.3 percent

No, they didn't win the last game of the season. But coming within three points of a perfect 19-0 season is still a remarkable accomplishment. The Patriots were not as well-rounded as most of the teams at the top of this list, finishing only 11th on defense and seventh on special teams. But though they faltered in the Super Bowl, the Patriots certainly had the most explosive regular-season offense in NFL history. New England scored at least 34 points in its first eight games and in 11 of 16 regular-season games total. The Patriots did so against an above-average schedule (ranked 10th in the league, to be precise). Five players were selected as first-team All-Pros: quarterback Tom Brady, wide receiver Randy Moss, left tackle Matt Light, linebacker Mike Vrabel and cornerback Asante Samuel.

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1. 1991 Washington Redskins
+61.7 percent

If you've followed this series all week, then you noticed that the 1991 Redskins were the only team that appeared on all three of our top-30 lists. In 1991, they were No. 3 on defense and No. 1 on both offense and special teams. Over the past 30 years, that works out to No. 20 on offense, No. 10 on defense and No. 14 on special teams. At plus-56.9 percent, the 1991 Redskins have the best regular-season DVOA of the past 30 years, and their lead as the greatest team in DVOA history only gets larger when we add the postseason. The gap between Washington and the 2007 Patriots (No. 2 on this list) is larger than the gap between the 2007 Patriots and the team ranked 11th. Washington's two losses came by a combined five points, and one of those losses came when the Redskins sat their starters at halftime of a meaningless final-week game. It's astonishing in retrospect that only two Redskins were selected as first-team All-Pros that season: left tackle Jim Lachey and cornerback Darrell Green. In fairness, six others did make the Pro Bowl.
 

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The NFL's top 25 breakout 'prospects' for 2017




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1. Tyreek Hill, WR, Kansas City Chiefs
Age: 23 | 418 offensive snaps | Fifth-round pick (2016)



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Most famous for being involved in one of the NFL's myriad domestic violence cases, Hill was drafted in the fifth round by the Chiefs because he's simply too fast to ignore. Oklahoma State dismissed him from the team after he was arrested for reportedly assaulting his pregnant girlfriend, and he ended up at Division II West Alabama. Hill reportedly ran a 4.24 40-yard dash at his pro day, which is no surprise for a high school track All-American.

At first, Hill was just a special teams maven, but with injuries to Jamaal Charles and Jeremy Maclin sapping their speed, the Chiefs began to turn to him more in their horizontal passing game. With Maclin now a Raven, Hill enters 2017 as the Chiefs' No. 1 option in the passing game. The doubters will point to a small sample size of snaps in which he actually played wide receiver, but he impressed in the ones in which he did, breaking press coverage repeatedly. Maybe he's only a speedy gadget receiver. Or, maybe he's Antonio Brown.

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2. Austin Hooper, TE, Atlanta Falcons
Age: 22 | 405 offensive snaps | Third-round pick (2016)

Hooper came out of Stanford with a pedigree as a great blocking tight end, but he wasn't utilized much in the passing game by the Cardinal, with only 34 targets his junior season. However, outside evaluators such as Matt Waldman of the Rookie Scouting Portfolio loved what they saw of Hooper. He tested well, and also looked the part on the field.

Hooper had a 47.1 percent receiving DVOA in his rookie year for the Falcons. Granted, some of that came because Kyle Shanahan's second tight ends often get a lot of leeway to make big plays. But with no ball-dominant second option in the Atlanta passing game, and Jacob Tamme gone, Hooper could make the leap this year and become a true TE1 for fantasy football purposes.

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3. Javon Hargrave, DT, Pittsburgh Steelers
Age: 24 | 492 defensive snaps | Third-round pick (2016)

Hargrave combines impressive burst inside with advanced hand technique, and the only reason he was still around this late in the draft was that he played at South Carolina State. He ranked third in sacks at the FCS level, with 16, while playing defensive tackle.

For the Steelers, who are usually pretty conservative bringing rookies along, Hargrave earned a lion's share of the snaps at nose tackle last season. Much as Grady Jarrett has been for Atlanta, we expect Hargrave to eventually be a run-down dominator with a chance to play a little on passing downs as well. Although Pittsburgh's run defense was a bit up-and-down in 2016, that was more about injuries to Ryan Shazier and Cameron Heyward than Hargrave's play.

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4. Brett Hundley, QB, Green Bay Packers
Age: 24 | 22 offensive snaps | Fifth-round pick (2015)

The story on Hundley hasn't changed much from last year. He's still an incredibly athletic quarterback who was ruined at UCLA by a bad offensive system and a lack of supporting weapons. Hundley saw limited playing time last preseason because of an ankle injury, and limited playing time last season because he is behind Aaron Rodgers.

We've started to see some talk about Hundley's trade value, though the Packers aren't typically a team that leaks a ton to the media. With two years left on his rookie deal, the time to strike probably would've been this offseason. If only he were as tall and dreamy as Mike Glennon, then maybe someone would've spent actual draft-pick value to get him.


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5. Elandon Roberts, LB, New England Patriots
Age: 23 | 270 defensive snaps | Sixth-round pick (2016)

A big reason why Jamie Collins was traded to the Browns was the quick development of Roberts, who started sliding into Bill Belichick's defensive packages sooner than anticipated. Roberts didn't time or test well in the pre-draft process, but he was highly regarded at Houston as both a leader and a playmaker after he helped lead the Cougars back to national prominence. He reeled off 19 tackles for loss and six sacks, along with five passes defensed in 14 games.

With the Patriots, Roberts' average gain on his run tackles was just 2.7 yards, which is a low number for an off-ball linebacker. He's a downhill player who is at his best when being aggressive right off the snap. Although his timed speed (4.60 40-yard dash) wasn't impressive for a player his size, he plays faster than that. Roberts lost playing time to Kyle Van Noy down the stretch, but still profiles to develop into a three-down linebacker.

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6. C.J. Prosise, RB, Seattle Seahawks
Age: 23 | 147 offensive snaps | Third-round pick (2016)

How could you watch last year's New England-Seattle "Sunday Night Football" game and not think that Prosise has a chance to be a star? He dominated out of the backfield as a receiver in ways few current non-David Johnson backs do. And this makes perfect sense, as Prosise was a converted receiver playing running back at Notre Dame.

The only question at this point is how good he can be as a traditional running back. Prosise has some skill to read blocks, but he often tried to press the hole a bit too early for the Fighting Irish. In theory, all the talent is here for Prosise to be a three-down back. Seattle has covered him up with Eddie Lacy and Thomas Rawls, so there's not much fantasy value to be had. But even becoming the next Shane Vereen in an NFL world where Theo Riddikk is becoming a household name is a big feat.

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7. Michael Pierce, DE, Baltimore Ravens
Age: 24 | 375 defensive snaps | Undrafted (2016)

Coming out of Samford, here's how well-known Pierce was: He has no NFL.com draft profile, and ESPN's page of his traits returns only "N/As." At his pro day, Pierce ran a 4.98 40-yard-dash. That might not sound like much, but there aren't many 320-plus-pounders with that kind of speed. His production was weak in college (3.5 sacks in 47 games), but there was definitely something to work with. The Ravens quickly scooped him up after the draft.

As a rookie, Pierce picked up two sacks and nine hurries in limited time, while also destroying running games to the tune of a 94 percent stop rate on 33 runs. There's some concern over whether he's an actual pass-rusher or not, but he definitely showed enough for Baltimore to take a longer look at him in their passing-down fronts. It's not very often a player with these traits slips through the draft cracks. Baltimore is reaping the rewards for finding him.

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8. Andrew Billings, DT, Cincinnati Bengals
Age: 21 | 0 defensive snaps | Fourth-round pick (2016)

After missing 2016 with a knee injury, Billings heads into training camp as the presumed starting nose tackle for the Bengals. He was a hell of a prospect, with elite strength and nimble feet at Baylor, where he was the co-Big 12 Defensive Player of the Year at 20 years old. He racked up 26.5 tackles for loss in his last two years of college.

The question with Billings remains: Is he a nose tackle, or is he more? Nose tackles don't have a ton of value in today's NFL, and the reason he slipped to the fourth round is because scouts looked at his body and saw a two-down player. The upside for Billings' skill set is to become Star Lotulelei, with the speed and power to win in any gap and be a factor on pass-rushing downs.

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9. Nick Vigil, LB, Cincinnati Bengals
Age: 24 | 111 defensive snaps | Third-round pick (2016)

Another of the Bengal Babies who are getting their first real chance this year, Vigil tested out highly at the combine as a line-of-scrimmage defender. Vigil's short shuttle and three-cone drill times were both in the top 10 percent of all inside linebackers over the past 18 years. His NFL.com draft profile includes this in weaknesses: "Instincts make him seem more athletic and fast than he might actually be." Sign us up for that weakness.

The question with Vigil will be the muscle he's able to add to his frame, and what it does to his speed. He was a mere 230 pounds at the combine. A best-case athletic scenario might be something like Kiko Alonso with the Bills before the injuries wrecked his career. After a successful cup of coffee in 2016, Vigil was dubbed "much better" by defensive coordinator Paul Guenther in organized team activities, and should be in line for a big role in 2017.


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10. Owamagbe Odighizuwa, EDGE, New York Giants
Age: 25 | 396 defensive snaps | Third-round pick (2015)

It was widely reported that Odighizuwa had considered quitting football this offseason, taking some time away from the Giants before showing up to OTAs. It's hard to really find a way to quantify that into our ranking process. Either you believe in the talent, or you don't. The truth of the matter is that Odighizuwa has been hosed by the Giants, who signed Olivier Vernon and Damon Harrison to keep him from really seeing the field.

But that takes nothing away from Odighizuwa's talent; he has shined every time he has been on the field. Our pre-draft metrics would have loved him, provided UCLA hadn't hidden him at end in a 3-4 defense. All Odighizuwa needs is a chance to play. If you believe in the college tape, it's insulting that he hasn't been given the chance yet. If you look at the reality of the situation, in which the Giants brought in Devin Taylor this offseason, Odighizuwa might not get the chance.
 

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11. Jonathan Bullard, DT, Chicago Bears
Age: 23 | 297 defensive snaps | Third-round pick (2016)

Tabbed for this list the instant the draft ended in 2016, the Bears have instead done everything they could to make it appear that Bullard's value is down. Bullard tested like a star tackle, and some thought he should be playing end. SackSEER believed the former, calling for a more modest 12.1 sacks over the first five years of his career as projected at end. But even if you liked Bullard as a Geno Atkins-esque 3-technique, he was still perceived as a hot commodity in the 2016 draft.

So naturally, he received fewer snaps than known mediocrities Mitch Unrein and Cornelius Washington last year, and notched just one sack and four hurries in his small sample size. Defensive coordinator Vic Fangio told the Chicago Sun-Times, "I don't think he was quite ready for that last year, both physically or mentally." That's a pretty damning quote. The opportunity is here. The talent should be here. But whereas we might have slotted him in the top 10 if he were eligible for our list before last season, we're less sure about him now.

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12. Terrance Mitchell, CB, Kansas City Chiefs
Age: 25 | 239 defensive snaps | Undrafted (2014)

Mitchell had a huge half-year as the Chiefs stopped the bleeding next to Marcus Peters down the stretch. Targeted in an obscene 30 percent of his snaps after joining the starting lineup, Mitchell had a 57 percent success rate and allowed an average of just 4.9 adjusted yards per attempt. He added eight defensed passes.

As a prospect, Mitchell has been on the radar for a bit, but never had a real opportunity. He spent time on the Bears' active roster in 2014, but has also served two stints with the Cowboys, and one with the Texans last offseason before getting claimed by the Chiefs at final cuts. Mitchell had horrendous tested deep speed, with a 4.63 40-yard-dash that put him in the 11th percentile of all drafted cornerbacks since 1999. He was regarded as a mid-round prospect coming out of Oregon by most draftniks, but went undrafted in part due to a torn pectoral muscle. We at FO have seen a lot of small sample-size success seasons by cornerbacks in our day, so we're wary that Mitchell is suddenly a star. But on paper, it all seems to make sense that he could become a solid No. 2 corner.

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13. Paul Perkins, RB, New York Giants
Age: 22 | 289 offensive snaps | Fifth-round pick (2016)

Perkins has a couple of major gifts on his side. He has the Marshawn Lynch-esque ability to stop and start while evading defenders. He has the elusiveness to be a consistent between-the-tackles runner despite a lack of true burn-you speed down the field. In a lot of ways, his strengths set him up to be the next Devonta Freeman, another successful graduate from this list.

However, Perkins did not test anything like Freeman at the combine. In fact, his combine was pretty disappointing, as he managed a pedestrian 4.54 40-yard dash at 208 pounds. His pedestrian pass protection coming out of UCLA also helped him fall to the fifth round. He also has to overcome the inherent inertia of the Giants' running back depth chart. Wayne Gallman is a higher-round pick than Perkins, while a healthy Shane Vereen offers more in the passing game and Orleans Darkwa seems to get 50 carries per year no matter what else happens. Perkins is a compelling talent, but there are reasons to doubt that he's a three-down back at this point.


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14. Parker Ehinger, G, Kansas City Chiefs
Age: 24 | 229 offensive snaps | Fourth-round pick (2016)

Ehinger likely would have played his way right off this list had he not torn his ACL soon after ascending to the starting job. Considered a bit of a tweener at tackle after playing there at Cincinnati, the Chiefs immediately moved Ehinger to guard, where we have him with just five blown blocks in his small sample last year.

Ehinger is not expected to be full-go at training camp, but as soon as he is ready to go, the Chiefs should find themselves with a functional-to-good guard with near-tackle agility. If Ehinger can develop a little more power, he could be a star.

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15. D.J. Reader, DT, Houston Texans
Age: 23 | 404 defensive snaps | Fifth-round pick (2016)

Unlike the other nose tackles on the list, there's not much doubt that Reader isn't a three-down lineman. He's a pure run-plugger, but he did that job well in his first season as Vince Wilfork's understudy. Now with Wilfork retired and the Texans without much else at the position, Reader should be a starter this year. His 90 percent stop rate on 20 runs last year shows promise.

In putting this list together though, we have an obvious bias toward passing-game players. We think Reader is a terrific prospect at nose tackle, and might have even put him above some of the players ahead of him if we were ranking players just on their floors. But there's only so much value a run-only player can have in a pass-first league.

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16. P.J. Williams, CB, New Orleans Saints
Age: 24 | 82 defensive snaps | Third-round pick (2015)

Williams has the size and talent to be a strong boundary corner. Williams is a physical freak, with video of a 60-inch box jump that went viral as he was coming out of the draft. The only thing that has held back his ascension is his early-career injury history. A torn hamstring ended his 2015 season before it began, and a severe concussion cut his 2016 season short after just a handful of snaps.

Williams still has a huge opportunity for playing time, even with Marshon Lattimore on the team, but this is probably his last real chance to impress the Saints. Another year on the sideline would make it extremely hard for an NFL team to count on him. And while his upside is higher than some players ahead of him on the list, we have to measure that against the chance that he never plays another NFL snap.

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17. A.J. Derby, TE, Denver Broncos
Age: 25 | 191 offensive snaps | Fifth-round pick (2015)

Derby had the size, speed and skill to be a star college tight end, but resisted the change for many years, even transferring from Iowa to Arkansas to try to stay at quarterback. Without much statistical track record, and coming out of college with an injury that caused him to miss his bowl game and most of the combine, it was a surprise that he was actually drafted. But under the watchful eye of Bill Belichick, Derby blossomed to the point that the Patriots were able to deal him to Denver and recoup their initial investment.

Given the lack of a real established tight end in Denver, Derby doesn't have much to beat out to see playing time. He's certainly the best receiving option the Broncos have at the position. New offensive coordinator Mike McCoy's tenure with the Chargers heavily emphasized tight ends, and while Derby is no Antonio Gates, he should see a little more involvement than he did last year.

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18. Justin Simmons, S, Denver Broncos
Age: 23 | 296 defensive snaps | Third-round pick (2016)

Simmons got some experience last year while T.J. Ward was out, and is probably the free safety of the future in Denver. Simmons showed off his range at the combine by posting 97th percentile scores in the 20-yard shuttle and 60-yard shuttle. His lanky frame makes him somewhat awkward as an NFL tackler, and scouts also dinged his single-high safety instincts coming out of Boston College.

However, that range will play anywhere. The question is just where he'll be most effective in Denver, with Ward and Darian Stewart both coming up on the end of their useful shelf life. He probably fits best as a single-high safety from a pure athletic standpoint. It's the development of his instincts and reads that will ultimately determine the right spot for him.

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19. Miles Killebrew, S, Detroit Lions
Age: 24 | 149 defensive snaps | Fourth-round pick (2016)

A rangy, hard-hitting safety in the Deone Bucannon "safety who is really a linebacker" mold, Killebrew projects to see plenty of time in Detroit's secondary going forward. Glover Quin is getting closer to 30, and under Teryl Austin, the Lions have been open to dime defenses, going with them 18 percent of the time in 2016.

Killebrew's 40-yard dash at the combine was brutal, with a 4.65-second time that put him in the bottom 20 percent of all safeties since 1999. However, his jumps were explosive and once he got up to top speed he managed pretty well at Southern Utah. It's all projection this deep on the list, but Killebrew has the tools to be an NFL moneybacker.
 

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20. B.J. Finney, G/C, Pittsburgh Steelers
Age: 25 | 300 offensive snaps | Undrafted (2015)

Finney was a reserve lineman for the Steelers in 2016, after spending most of 2015 on the practice squad. The Kansas State lineman was heavily decorated for Bill Snyder's Wildcats, a Remington Trophy finalist in 2014 and a first-team All-Big 12 center. He has the wrestling background that has come to define inside maulers such as former Patriot Stephen Neal. Scouts were worried about his quickness in college, and his short arms didn't do him any favors with front offices.

But when put on the spot in relief of Ramon Foster, Finney quietly did an excellent job last year. He helped key the Steelers in their dominant win over the Chiefs and wasn't anywhere near as overmatched against the Eagles as the right side of the offensive line. Maybe he isn't the next Andrew Norwell -- the Panthers guard who went from undrafted free agent to star -- but he has all the tools to be a good drive blocker.

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21. Cody Kessler, QB, Cleveland Browns
Age: 24 | 349 offensive snaps | Third-round pick (2016)

Kessler was never drafted with the expectation that he could be a star quarterback, but he has a lot of the traits that can keep a quarterback in the league for a long time. He's fairly accurate underneath, he makes good decisions with the ball, and he's got the bulk to take the NFL beating. His major downsides are that he's 6-foot-1 and that he lacks NFL arm strength.

Still, Matt Flynn has that same package and was in the league for how many years? With a -7.5 percent DVOA last year, Kessler was essentially a league-average passer in a bad offense. He was benched for a reason, and there's no reason to hold a banquet in his honor for not being the worst player on the Browns. But Kessler could absolutely be a solid backup quarterback or Brian Hoyer type of player. This league literally has some team start Josh McCown every year, so that's how low the bar is.

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22. Kenneth Dixon, RB, Baltimore Ravens
Age: 23 | 258 offensive snaps | Fifth-round pick (2016)

Dixon missed the first four weeks of last season and came back without much burst as he tried to recover from a preseason MCL tear. Now Dixon will miss the upcoming season with a meniscus tear. Yet, the final six weeks of last season show a ton of promise: he's absolutely the most talented running back on the Ravens' roster, whether they believe it or not.

It's hard to understand how Dixon made it to the fifth round. Wildly productive, he held the career FBS touchdown record for a few days at the end of his senior season, before Keenan Reynolds snagged it back. He was first-team all-conference as a freshman at Louisiana Tech. He's a great receiver out of the backfield. He doesn't go down on first contact, and he gets the most out of every run. With the constant injuries, it's easy to see the Ravens washing their hands of Dixon as a starting back. But based on talent alone, he should be the lynchpin of their offense in 2018.

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23. Tyler Higbee, TE, Los Angeles Rams
Age: 24 | 405 offensive snaps | Fourth-round pick (2016)

Higbee's first year with the Rams was spent doing his best Bo Scaife impersonation for Jeff Fisher's dying offense. He finished with the worst DYAR of any qualifying tight end in the league, generating minus-109 on just 29 passes while Jared Goff sailed them all over his head. That number, in that sample size, is essentially meaningless. But it does show you how lost the Rams were.

Higbee arrived at Western Kentucky as a 190-pound wideout and built himself into a 250-pound tight end. He maintained a lot of the wideout agility, too, which showed at the college level. New head coach Sean McVay has gotten terrific seasons out of Niles Paul and Jordan Reed, and Higbee certainly has the talent to hang with Paul's best seasons. Whether McVay lets that happen rather than turning rookie Gerald Everett into the focal point at the position is an open question.


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24. Rashard Higgins, WR, Cleveland Browns
Age: 22 | 183 offensive snaps | Fifth-round pick (2016)

The death blow for an outside player's draft stock is a 4.64 40-yard dash at the combine. Higgins had a high rating in our Playmaker Score metric, at 89.5 percent. He had a similar projection to what Antonio Brown would have had ... and what Dez White would have had. You can see the hit-or-miss nature of small-school wideout projection.

The lackluster 40 time outshines the real problem with Higgins: He's a technically skilled, smart receiver, but he lacks a high ceiling because there's no physical upside here. Higgins is never going to post up against a press-outside corner like Dez Bryant can. There's not a lot in front of him on the depth chart in Cleveland, where Kenny Britt and Corey Coleman are joined by a deluge of younger receivers. But Higgins may need to take another step to be more than a solid underneath threat.

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25. AJ McCarron, QB, Cincinnati Bengals
Age: 26 | 259 offensive snaps | Fourth-round pick (2014)

McCarron didn't exactly set the world on fire in his small sample with the Bengals, but adequate quarterbacking is worth something. McCarron's statistics, including a 6.9 percent DVOA on 132 dropbacks, were heavily influenced by a great supporting cast. Whenever McCarron gets his chance, you can expect some adequate game-manager type play. Nothing inspiring or worthy of a thinkpiece, but every era needs its Jon Kitna.

McCarron is in a bit of an interesting dispute with the Bengals, who don't want his 2014 season to count as an accrued year for the purposes of free agency. Assuming this is just wishful thinking, McCarron may find himself as the next winner of the Brock Osweiler/Mike Glennon Enormous Contract Award. The only real problem with that idea is that those guys had big arms, and McCarron has never had that.





Honorable mention


QB Vernon Adams, Montreal Alouettes (Yes, we know the Alouettes are a CFL team, but we believe in Adams as a long-term prospect)
EDGE Ronald Blair, San Francisco 49ers
CB Kendall Fuller, Washington Redskins
WR Roger Lewis, New York Giants
QB Cardale Jones, Los Angeles Chargers
RB Robert Kelley, Washington Redskins
EDGE Dean Lowry, Green Bay Packers
RB Jalen Richard, Oakland Raiders
RB Dwayne Washington, Detroit Lions
G Christian Westerman, Cincinnati Bengals





Methodology


This is the 11th anniversary of the list. We're still relying on the same things we always do: scouting, statistics, measurables, context, expected role and what we hear from other sources. The goal is to bring your attention to players who are still developing in their second and third seasons, even after the draftniks have forgotten them. It's important to note that this list is not strictly about fantasy football (otherwise, there wouldn't be offensive linemen on it) and it's about career potential, not just the 2017 season (otherwise, there wouldn't be backup quarterbacks on it).

Here's our full criteria:



  • Drafted in the third round or later, or signed as an undrafted free agent
  • Entered the NFL between 2014 and 2016
  • Fewer than 500 career offensive or defensive snaps
  • Have not signed a contract extension (players who have bounced around the league looking for the right spot, however, still qualify for the list)
  • Age 26 or younger in 2017


You'll see a number of references to Football Outsiders stats on our list, in particular DVOA (Defense-adjusted Value Over Average), which takes every play and compares its success to the NFL average based on situation and opponent, and DYAR (Defense-adjusted Yards Above Replacement), which gives total value by comparing efficiency on each play to a replacement-level player. You can read more about those and other FO stats on this page. Many of the other stats come from Sports Info Solutions and can be found in our new book, Football Outsiders Almanac 2017.
 

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Next player who will be traded by all 30 MLB teams



We survived the trade deadline, but there will be more trades. There are always more trades. Baseball is now in the waiver trade period. A player who clears waivers can be traded to any team. If a player is claimed by another team, he can either be pulled back off waivers or traded to the team who claimed him. Got that? So here's the next player to be traded for each team: a few who might be dealt in August and the majority who could be dealt in the offseason.

So how many of these guys will actually be traded? I did this last year and seven were eventually dealt, including Chris Sale, Brian McCann and Jorge Soler.





AL East


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New York Yankees: Dellin Betances, RHP

The Yankees would love to unload Jacoby Ellsbury's contract, but good luck with that. Betances griped in the spring about not getting paid like a closer, and the acquisition of Tommy Kahnle and David Robertson means the pen is already loaded for 2018. Betances would be a juicy name to throw out there in the winter.

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Boston Red Sox: Michael Chavis, 3B

He has 25 home runs in the minors but is blocked by Rafael Devers.

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Tampa Bay Rays: Chris Archer, RHP

"Hello, this is Andrew Friedman ..." If there's one team with the prospect depth and desire to acquire Archer, it's the Dodgers -- run by the guy who acquired Archer for the Rays from the Cubs back in 2011.


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Baltimore Orioles: Seth Smith, OF

What, you were expecting Manny Machado? Well, Smith is a strong candidate to be traded in August to a team looking for a good bat off the bench. Then we hit the offseason and ...

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Toronto Blue Jays: Marco Estrada, RHP

The peripherals are better than the ERA, and he's a classic August trade candidate.



AL Central


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Cleveland Indians: Trevor Bauer, RHP

Nobody likes to trade pitching, but Bauer hasn't had a good year and you have to wonder how ticked off the front office still is about last year's drone incident.

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Kansas City Royals: Kelvin Herrera, RHP

The Royals are going to have an interesting offseason trying to re-sign some of their free agents or starting a long rebuilding process. Herrera is a free agent after 2018.

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Minnesota Twins: Brian Dozier, 2B

Ervin Santana is a longshot possibility to get traded in August. If the Twins believe they're legitimate contenders in 2018, they likely keep Dozier, but they probably made a mistake not trading him last offseason after that 42-homer season.

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Detroit Tigers: Ian Kinsler, 2B

I'm in the camp that Justin Verlander will be too hard to trade with his contract, so Kinsler is the guy who goes in the offseason.

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Chicago White Sox: Avisail Garcia, RF

Will the last veteran traded please turn off the clubhouse lights? Garcia is predictably fading after hitting .368 in April, and I suspect teams will realize he's not all that good. So maybe Jose Abreu?



AL West


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Houston Astros: Colin Moran, 3B/1B

The former first-round pick is finally hitting for some power in Triple-A, but he's blocked in the majors by Alex Bregman and the bat is borderline for first base.

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Seattle Mariners: Gianfranco Wawoe, 2B

It's Jerry Dipoto, so the entire team could be traded by next July. Except Felix Hernandez. Never trade Felix. Who is Gianfranco Wawoe? The team's No. 28 prospect. And, yes, I just wanted to write "Gianfranco Wawoe."

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Los Angeles Angels: Bud Norris, RHP

I know, not as sexy as Mike Trout. Repeat after me: Mike Trout isn't going anywhere. But Norris is one of those veteran relievers who could go somewhere in August.

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Texas Rangers: Jurickson Profar, IF/OF

Both the Rangers and the one-time best prospect in the game would benefit from a change of scenery.

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Oakland Athletics: Yonder Alonso, 1B

Nobody wanted him on July 31, but maybe something will change before Aug. 31.


NL East


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Washington Nationals: Brian Goodwin, OF

Both Goodwin and Michael Taylor have played well in the absence of Adam Eaton and injury to Jayson Werth. While Werth's contract is up, Eaton will return next season, squeezing Goodwin or Taylor out of a regular spot. Taylor is the better center fielder, so Goodwin is the odd man out.

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Miami Marlins: Dan Straily, RHP

He's having a solid season and it's a little surprising he wasn't dealt at the deadline. A waiver trade to the Brewers or Astros, or to some other contender that suffers an injury, makes sense.

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New York Mets: Jay Bruce, OF

He's a free agent and it seems unlikely the Mets will give him a qualifying offer with Michael Conforto and Yoenis Cespedes presumably locked into the outfield corners. Everyone is fixated on pitching at the deadline, but the Red Sox and Rockies could use another bat, so maybe he gets traded in August.

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Atlanta Braves: Jim Johnson, RHP

He was actually my pick last year, as well. The veteran reliever has a 4.19 ERA but solid peripherals with 51 strikeouts and only three home runs allowed in 43 innings. A gazillion relievers were traded before the deadline, but Johnson could help a team looking for a little additional depth.

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Philadelphia Phillies: Cesar Hernandez, 2B

Scott Kingery should be ready to take over at second base in 2018.
 

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NL Central


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Chicago Cubs: Ian Happ, OF/2B

Even with the addition of Jose Quintana, the rotation might need help in 2018. Jake Arrieta and John Lackey are both set to be free agents after this season. With a logjam of position players, the Cubs can deal from strength, and Happ might be the odd man out as the team sticks with Javier Baez's glove at second and Kyle Schwarber's bat in left.

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Milwaukee Brewers: Corey Ray, OF

The development of Domingo Santana, continued production from Ryan Braun and likelihood that Lewis Brinson takes over in center in 2018 makes the team's 2016 first-round pick trade bait.

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St. Louis Cardinals: Harrison Bader, OF

I think the Cardinals kept Lance Lynn with the slim hope of making a playoff run, plus he wouldn't clear waivers, making any August trade difficult. What they suddenly have is a glut of outfielders: Dexter Fowler, Tommy Pham, Stephen Piscotty, Randal Grichuk, Bader and Tyler O'Neill. Bader has had a nice season at Triple-A, hitting .297 with 19 home runs. He can play center, where he's blocked by Fowler, and probably has more trade value than O'Neill, who was recently acquired from the Mariners.

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Pittsburgh Pirates: Will Craig, 1B

Andrew McCutchen's resurgence means the Pirates probably will bring him back for the final year of his contract, especially with top prospect Austin Meadows struggling in Triple-A. Craig was the team's first-round pick in 2016, but Josh Bell is the team's first baseman of the present and future.

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Cincinnati Reds: Raisel Iglesias, RHP

The Reds were unable to trade Zack Cozart at the deadline, in part because he's on the DL but also because none of the playoff contenders really need a shortstop. So we turn to the offseason and Iglesias will be in demand after a dominant season as closer. The Reds are still rebuilding and should cash in while his stock is high.



NL West
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Los Angeles Dodgers: Brock Stewart, RHP

The major league roster is loaded. The farm system is loaded. They could do just about anything in the offseason except trade Corey Seager or Clayton Kershaw. Stewart is a serviceable back-end starter, but is basically blocked in L.A. with all their high-priced veterans.

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Arizona Diamondbacks: Cody Reed, LHP

Not to be confused with the other Cody Reed. The D-backs have a couple of other pitching prospects closer to contributing, including Anthony Banda and Jon Duplantier, so Reed could be traded in the offseason for help at the major league level.

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Colorado Rockies: DJ LeMahieu, 2B

Top prospect Brendan Rodgers is going to be close to ready next season, and Ryan McMahon has been playing some second, as well. Why not cash in LeMahieu while they can?

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San Diego Padres: Brad Hand, LHP

The asking price for him was too high at the trade deadline, but they should be able to strike a deal in the offseason.

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San Francisco Giants: Chris Shaw, 1B/LF

Another repeat selection. Brandon Belt is signed through 2021 and sort of untradeable now that his salary escalated in 2018. Shaw has played outfield in the minors, but the Giants learned at the big league level that they need better outfield defense, not another guy with limited range.
 

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East grades: Who did best, worst in NBA draft, trades and free agency?


With July and the bulk of free agency in the books, now is a good time to look back at the moves teams have made to try to improve for the upcoming 2017-18 season and beyond.

After grading the West on Tuesday, here are my grades for East teams based on how well they took advantage of the opportunities they had to add to their roster via free agency, the draft and trades. Teams are graded on what's in their control, not the decisions of free agents to go elsewhere.

So how did your favorite team grade out? Let's take a look.








Atlanta Hawks: D+


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New Hawks GM Travis Schlenk made the right call in terms of letting All-Star forward Paul Millsap walk. Still, Atlanta was unable to commit to a rebuilding process and took on too much bad salary in return for center Dwight Howard. (Replacement Miles Plumlee has an additional year on his contract, albeit at less money per season.)



Besides using cap space to take on Jamal Crawford's contract, netting a first-round pick in the process, the Hawks used most of their resources on short-term deals. Ersan Ilyasova got a one-year deal to return, and Dewayne Dedmon got a one-year deal with a player option. Unless Atlanta can trade them before the deadline, those players are unlikely to provide much value since the Hawks probably will still be one of the NBA's worst teams this season.





Boston Celtics: B+


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The Celtics landed the big prize in free agency, convincing Gordon Hayward to pick them over the Miami Heat and the incumbent Utah Jazz. Because the cap came in lower than expected, clearing room for Hayward required Boston to part with a key player. The Celtics chose to trade ace individual defender Avery Bradley for Marcus Morris, a swap that is a financial upgrade and better balances the roster but still might be painful in the playoffs.



Signing Hayward spared Boston harsher criticism for losing out on potential trades for Jimmy Butler and Paul George. It's unclear whether dealing for George would have been worth the price because of his ability to leave next summer, but the cost for Butler probably would have been more reasonable with two years left on his deal.

The Celtics will also be graded long term on whether Jayson Tatum is good enough to justify trading down from No. 1 to No. 3. Despite Tatum's prolific scoring in summer-league play, I'm still somewhat skeptical.





Brooklyn Nets: B


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No team was more aggressive using its cap space to add salary than the Nets, who took on long-term contracts for guard Allen Crabbe, forward DeMarre Carroll and center Timofey Mozgov. The latter two deals added valuable young talent to a team in need of it. Brooklyn got a first-round pick to take on Carroll's salary and former No. 2 overall pick D'Angelo Russell as the price for Mozgov.



The Nets now have an NBA-caliber perimeter rotation but remain thin in the frontcourt. They're counting on undersized Rondae Hollis-Jefferson holding down the starting job at power forward and have Mozgov and first-round pick Jarrett Allen as their only options at center.





Charlotte Hornets: B+


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Limited in salary flexibility by their desire to avoid paying the luxury tax, the Hornets nonetheless managed to add Howard while actually reducing their 2019-20 payroll by unloading Plumlee's onerous deal. Howard fills Charlotte's biggest need, another center to anchor the defense when Cody Zeller is on the bench.



Tax issues did force the Hornets to shop the bargain aisle for a backup to starting point guard Kemba Walker, and they landed Michael Carter-Williams on a one-year, $2.7 million deal. Charlotte will be perilously thin at the position should Walker miss an extended period. Still, the Hornets are favorites to return to the playoffs after a one-year absence.





Chicago Bulls: F


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With two years remaining on Jimmy Butler's contract, the Bulls could have held out for a better offer than they got from the Minnesota Timberwolves: guards Kris Dunn and Zach LaVine and the No. 7 pick for Butler and the 16th pick. Dunn will have to improve dramatically from a disappointing rookie season to become an NBA contributor, and LaVine's poor defense limits his value.



After the blockbuster trade, Chicago mostly sat out free agency, re-signing Cristiano Felicio to an above-market four-year, $32 million deal, and giving Justin Holiday two years and $9 million to return as a wing defender after a year in New York.

The Bulls might yet get a good deal re-signing restricted free agent Nikola Mirotic, but he plays the same position as lottery pick Lauri Markkanen, so it's unclear how Mirotic fits in long term.





Cleveland Cavaliers: C-


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So much of the Cavaliers' offseason is about trades not made (they hoped to acquire Butler or George to bolster their chances of beating the Golden State Warriors) or one potentially on the horizon involving unhappy point guard Kyrie Irving.



In terms of the moves the team did make, Cleveland seemed to overpay Kyle Korver to return on a three-year, $22 million deal (albeit with $18 million guaranteed). The Cavaliers signed three players at the veteran's minimum. Derrick Rose looks like a good value but a poor fit, Jose Calderon is another weak defender on the second unit and Jeff Green theoretically fits Cleveland's needs but rarely makes good on that potential.

The Cavaliers could have used a better defender like Thabo Sefolosha (who got less money than Korver) or Luc Mbah a Moute (who signed with Houston for the minimum).





Detroit Pistons: D


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A history of overpaying role players -- a tradition that continued with a three-year, $20 million deal for backup guard Langston Galloway -- finally caught up with the Pistons this summer, as luxury-tax concerns were a factor in them walking away from restricted free agent Kentavious Caldwell-Pope.



Detroit replaced Caldwell-Pope with Avery Bradley, a move that cost another starter (forward Marcus Morris). Now the Pistons will have to try to re-sign Bradley as an unrestricted free agent next summer, when he's due a huge raise. In addition to signing (Galloway) and trading for (Bradley) shooting guards, Detroit also drafted one in the lottery (Luke Kennard), meaning a crowd at that position but little depth at small forward. The Pistons will need Stanley Johnson to take a step forward this season to return to the playoffs.





Indiana Pacers: F


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While the timing of George telling the Pacers he would not re-sign in Indiana no matter what put them in a tough spot, they still failed to capitalize on his trade value by taking Victor Oladipo and Domantas Sabonis over the other deals on the table and ones that probably would have materialized. Oladipo has little if any net value above and beyond his $21 million salary, and Sabonis looks like a role player after an ineffective rookie season.



The rest of the summer has seen the Pacers add veterans on short-term deals. Though Cory Joseph is still young enough to have upside, Bojan Bogdanovic and Darren Collison aren't long-term pieces. Indiana can clear more than $50 million in cap space next summer, but that would leave Oladipo and Myles Turner as the lone NBA-caliber players on the roster.





Miami Heat: D


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After falling short in their pursuit of Hayward, the Heat decided to bring back the group that went 30-11 in the second half of last season ... at a high cost. After signing smaller one-year deals last summer, James Johnson (four years, $60 million) and Dion Waiters (four years, $47 million plus incentives) got paid. So too did newcomer Kelly Olynyk (four years, $45 million plus incentives).



Add in Tyler Johnson's salary -- which escalates from $5.9 million to $19.3 million next summer because of the "Gilbert Arenas rule" -- and Miami is capped out for the foreseeable future. We'll see if those contracts prove as tradeable as the Heat think. Johnson's in particular could get ugly on the back end, costing Miami in the long term.





Milwaukee Bucks: C+


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The combination of a strong young core and luxury-tax issues kept Milwaukee out of free agency this summer. After they re-signed restricted free agent Tony Snell to a reasonable four-year, $44 million deal, the Bucks' only signings have come for the minimum. Don't expect that to change.



Milwaukee currently projects over the luxury-tax line with a 15-player roster but could get under by waiving reserve center Spencer Hawes and stretching his $6 million salary. Otherwise, the only real business for the Bucks is a possible extension for forward Jabari Parker, who's still early in his rehab from a torn ACL.[/QUOTE]
 
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