The Black Seminole slave rebellion took place from December of 1835 to April of 1838 in central Florida during the first half of the Second Seminole War.[
17]
Technically, it is a matter of debate whether or not the Black Seminoles themselves should be counted as direct participants in the slave revolt, since most of the Black Seminoles were considered maroons -- Africans who had lived in the wilderness long enough to establish a quasi-free status, albeit one unsanctioned by white society. Regardless of how the Black Seminoles are classified, however,
there is no question that they led and inspired hundreds of plantation slaves who rebelled over this period, fleeing their masters to join the Seminole ranks.
War erupts: Follow the allied Seminole forces in fifteen story panels charting the dramatic events that began the Second Seminole War.
Except for a few specialists, historians have generally had a hard time dealing with the ethnic complexities of the Second Seminole War. As a result, they have often conflated the maroon warriors and the plantation-slave rebels, ascribing all of the black aspects of the war to the Black Seminoles while overlooking the role of the
385-plus field slaves.
This confusion, coupled with ideological trends in American history, has led scholars classifying American slave rebellions to overlook the Florida rebellion for more than one hundred and fifty years.
Was it really the
18]
For a factual comparison, see the table of major U.S. slave revolts in this site's original essay, The largest slave rebellion in U.S. history, or see Rebellion's tally plantation slaves in the rebellion. The information toolkit on the rebellion includes quotations, sources, and additional details for skeptics. This site is the first source to substantiate with numbers and sources the claim that the Black Seminole slave rebellion was the largest in U.S. history.
Aside from a few regional specialists, American scholars have generally been
inattentive or ignorant regarding the role of plantation slaves in the Second Seminole War.
Should we let historians off the hook because the war's ethnic dimensions were so complex? Or because the war appears to have been a minor event?
Absolutely not. For one, the war was anything but a minor event. It was the largest and most costly Indian war in U.S. history -- more expensive and deadly than all the famous Indians wars of the American West
combined.[
19] The war was not forgotten because it was minor, but because it was humiliating for the U.S. Army, and in particular for the American South, whose vaunted white yeomen and gentry could not defeat the black allies of the Seminoles.
Secondly, the ethnic dimensions of the war were not so complex that trained historians should have missed them. Alliances between maroons and slaves were not unusual in the Americas, but in fact were typical of many of the largest slave rebellions. From Jamaica to Brazil, maroons provided leadership and inspiration for some of the New World's largest revolts.[
20] The U.S. generals who prosecuted the Second Seminole War were very mindful of these examples as they planned their military strategies. If the generals knew the facts, so should the scholars. Scholars of American slavery, therefore, especially those who have written about the foreign rebellions, have no excuse for having missed the facts on the Black Seminole rebellion.[
21]
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22] Overall, this created an atmosphere that stifled open information on the black dimensions of the war in Florida.
The ruling class of the South saw no interest in circulating the fact that black rebels were successfully challenging their allegedly superior masters. Southern lawmakers were also not anxious for northern taxpayers to learn that the federally funded army was suppressing a southern slave rebellion, attempting to return fugitives to their owners.
In the aftermath of the bloody slave uprising led by Nat Turner in 1831, the southern press became even more reluctant to report insurrections in a straightforward manner, and slaveholders tended to view all dissemination of such knowledge as an act of treason. Under such circumstances, slaveholders countenanced various forms of censorship from 1835-1842 -- the same years that the war in Florida was taking place.
These included censorship of the southern mails and implementation of the notorious "gag rule" banning all debates of slavery in the U.S. Congress.[
23]
These controls effectively kept knowledge of the Florida slave rebellion from the general public, at least until 1842, when Congress debated the issue. Most Northern members of Congress appear to have been unfamiliar with the slave dimensions of the war until the 1842 debates, which took place four years after most of the blacks had surrendered.[
24]
The dynamics of the war were better known early on within the inner circles of the military. In 1836, commanding general Thomas Sydney Jesup wrote to the Secretary of War,
"This, you may be assured, is a negro, not an Indian war; and if it be not speedily put down, the south will feel the effects of it on their slave population before the end of the next season." Jesup was the most successful commander of the war, and not surprisingly the one who understood its ethnic dimensions the most clearly.[25]