Here are a few reasons why policies aimed at addressing racial disparities may not have been passed or fully implemented even when Democrats had control:
1. **Filibuster Rules**: In the U.S. Senate, most legislation needs not just a simple majority to pass, but 60 votes to overcome a filibuster. So even if the Democrats have control of the Senate, they often need the support of some Republicans to pass legislation. This makes it more difficult to pass legislation that doesn't have bipartisan support.
2. **Internal Party Disagreements**: Just because a party is in power doesn't mean all members of the party agree on every issue. There can be significant ideological differences within a party, which can make it difficult to pass more ambitious or controversial legislation.
3. **Political Calculations**: Politicians often have to make strategic decisions about what issues to prioritize. They might decide to focus on issues where they think they have the best chance of making progress, which can mean that other important issues get less attention.
4. **Judicial Challenges**: Even when legislation is passed, it can be challenged in the courts. The Supreme Court, for example, significantly limited the scope of the Voting Rights Act in the 2013 Shelby County v. Holder decision.
5. **Influence of Lobbying and Money in Politics**: Legislators are often influenced by a variety of interests, including corporate interests, powerful lobby groups, and wealthy donors. These influences can sometimes shape policy in ways that don't necessarily align with the preferences of the majority of voters.
6. **Policy Implementation**: Even when laws are passed, there can be challenges with how they're implemented. Bureaucratic hurdles, lack of funding, or resistance from state and local governments can limit the impact of federal laws.
These factors combined can often lead to a gap between the policies that politicians propose and what they're able to achieve in office. It's a common frustration for many voters, and it's one of the reasons why ongoing political engagement is so important.
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