All this. Just a starting point but we needed a starting point. Getting it in any state is good but a big notable one like California is especially good. California actually has the 5th-largest Black population in the USA by numbers, but the fact that it doesn't have its own legacy of Black slavery is gonna be a factor of course.
That's not true, California does have it's own history of Black slavery, you should educate yourself more on slavery in California especially San Bernardino and start with Biddy Mason.
Get the latest news delivered daily!
Sign Up
Slave helped shape future
By
Mark Landis |
historyinca@yahoo.com | The Sun
August 3, 2009 at 12:00 a.m.
When the first wagon train of Mormon settlers arrived in the San Bernardino Valley in 1851, several families brought along black slaves and former slaves to help build their new colony.
Bridgett “Biddy” Mason was one of the slaves who made the grueling 400-mile journey from Salt Lake City to San Bernardino with the family of Robert and Rebecca Smith.
Biddy’s amazing life story helped shape the future of African-Americans in California.
Biddy Mason was born on Aug. 15, 1818, on a cotton plantation in Hancock County, Ga. The Smith family acquired the services of Biddy and her two young daughters sometime between 1844 and 1848.
Robert Mays Smith met Rebecca Dorn in Edgefield District, S.C., where they were raised in distinctly different lifestyles. Robert came from a poor farming family that struggled to get by. Rebecca grew up in a family of educated plantation owners who had dozens of slaves tending to the crops and the needs of the household.
Robert yearned to strike out on his own, and in 1830 he took his bride to Mississippi with dreams of building a prosperous life.
In 1844, the Smiths joined a branch of the Mormon Church in Franklin County, Miss. The communal lifestyle of the Mormons seemed at odds with Robert’s self-reliant personality, but the Smiths and their slaves became valuable members of the church.
Author and historian DeEtta Demaratus wrote an excellent study of Biddy Mason titled “The Force of a Feather; The Search For a Lost Story of Slavery and Freedom.” According to Demaratus, “Biddy learned from the Mormons how to organize and be industrious. She developed her nursing skills within the Smith family and was loaned out to others in the community.”
In 1846, Rebecca’s brother, Robert Dorn, purchased a slave named Hannah from his father’s estate and gave her to the Smiths. Hannah had been a favored slave in the Dorn household and she grew up with Rebecca.
Discouraged by his meager success in Mississippi, Robert Smith uprooted his family and joined a large caravan of Mormons who were embarking on the long journey to Salt Lake City, Utah in March of 1848.
Life in the newly settled colony of Salt Lake City was harsh for the Smith family and their slaves. In 1851, Mormon leader Brigham Young asked for volunteers to establish an outpost colony in Southern California and Robert Smith seized the opportunity.
The Smiths’ wagons were among the 150 that left Salt Lake City and set out across the desert on one of the most difficult journeys imaginable. Biddy walked during much of the journey, tending the animals while trudging between desolate water holes spread across the Mojave Desert.
On June 11, 1851, the caravan of exhausted and tattered colonists arrived in the San Bernardino Valley.
The Mormon settlers set about building their colony and Robert Smith’s family finally began to prosper in their new surroundings. Smith built a thriving cattle ranch in the area known as Jumuba, near the present-day intersection of Hunts Lane and Hospitality Lane in San Bernardino, along the Santa Ana River.
Prosperity in the San Bernardino Valley was short-lived for the Smiths. In 1855, the Mormon Elders reconfigured property boundaries and decided to take the Smiths’ land and divide it among other settlers.
Robert Smith was so outraged that he broke from the church and packed up the entire family yet again and planned to move to Texas. However, the Smiths’ plans soon would be complicated by the slavery issue.
California was admitted to the union in 1850 as a free state, but slaves who were brought here from slave states often were kept as indentured servants, unaware of their new rights.
In December 1855, the Smiths made a temporary encampment in the Santa Monica Mountains in preparation for traveling to Texas, which still was a slave state. While camped in the hills, a legal challenge known as a “writ of habeas corpus” was filed with Judge Benjamin Hayes in Los Angeles. The writ was intended to prevent the Smiths from traveling from a free state to a slave state with Biddy, Hannah, and their children.
The identity of the person or persons who requested the writ is still a mystery today. It may have been a member or members of the Owens family, successful black settlers who lived in Los Angeles and were friends with Biddy.
Biddy and her three daughters along with Hannah’s seven children were taken to Los Angeles until a hearing could determine their fate. Hannah returned to San Bernardino where she gave birth to her eighth child. It was ironic that Biddy and all of the children were kept in a jail until their status could be determined.
Robert Smith was desperate to keep his slaves for the return to Texas and he hired an attorney to represent his interests.
In another bit of irony, neither Biddy nor any of the other blacks could testify for themselves in court due to California law. Judge Hayes found a way around this by interviewing them in his chambers. During that interview Biddy said, “I always feared this trip to Texas, since I first heard of it. Mr. Smith told me I would be as free in Texas as here.”
On January 19, 1856, Judge Hayes issued his ruling that declared, “All of the said persons of color are entitled to their freedom, and are free and cannot be held in slavery or involuntary servitude. It is therefore argued that they are entitled to their freedom and are free forever.”
Having lost his case, Smith left for Texas with his family, never to return to California or see any of his former slaves again. Hannah stayed in San Bernardino where she lived with her husband, Toby Embers.
Biddy’s friendship with the Owens family helped her to become one of the first successful black businesswomen in Los Angeles. According to Demaratus, “What is amazing about Biddy is both the range of her experience and expertise, and that later she used her caretaking and nursing abilities to become an entrepreneur who owned land, started businesses, and gave back to her community.”
Biddy Mason died in Los Angeles on January 15, 1891. Her amazing life story is memorialized on a series of plaques at Biddy Mason Park, 333 South Spring St., Los Angeles.
When the first wagon train of Mormon settlers arrived in the San Bernardino Valley in 1851, several families brought along black slaves and former slaves to help build their new colony. Bridgett &#…
www.sbsun.com
In 1850, California entered the union as a free state. But in that same decade, San Bernardino prospered with slave labor.
www.latimes.com
Biddy Mason, the San Bernardino slave freed by LA judge, is focus of museum talk
The only known photograph of Biddy Mason is reproduced as part of the Biddy Mason Memorial Park on property she once owned in downtown Los Angeles. (Photo by David Allen, Inland Valley Daily Bulletin/SCNG)
By David Allen |
dallen@scng.com | Inland Valley Daily Bulletin PUBLISHED: February 16, 2021 at 12:51 p.m. | UPDATED: February 16, 2021 at 12:53 a.m.
Bridget “Biddy” Mason was the slave from San Bernardino who won her freedom in a Los Angeles courtroom in 1856 and went on to an improbable life as a midwife, civic leader, wealthy property owner and philanthropist in downtown Los Angeles.
Two experts will share details of the celebrated figure’s life during an Ontario Museum of History and Art presentation.
www.dailybulletin.com