The Saint Nicholas tradition contains a number of elements that are not ecclesiastical in origin.
[16][17] In medieval iconography, Saint Nicholas is sometimes presented as taming a chained demon, who may or may not be black. However, no hint of a companion, demon, servant, or any other human or human-like fixed companion to the Saint is found in visual and textual sources from the Netherlands from the 16th until the 19th century.
[18] According to a long-standing theory first proposed by Karl Meisen,
[19] Zwarte Piet and his equivalents in Germanic Europe were originally presented as one or more enslaved demons forced to assist their captor. These chained and fire-scorched demons may have been redeveloped as black-skinned humans during the early 19th-century in the Netherlands in the likeness of
Moors who work as servants for Saint Nicholas.
[20] Others believe Zwarte Piet to be a continuation of a custom in which people with blackface appeared in
winter solstice rituals.