Warner Bros’ latest tentpole movie,
Justice League, has stirred up lots of conversation these past few days, for its generally shabby reviews, the
Great RottenTomatoes Tomatometer coverup and the
lower-than-expected box office results. But for Warner Bros, there are really only two questions that ultimately matter:
- Will Justice League generate an attractive risk-adjusted return on investment?
- Has the movie done its job in setting the stage for the success of future Justice League movies like Aquaman, Cyborg and Justice League 2?
My answer to the second question is simply an emphatic no. I've written previously about
Justice League’s impact on Aquaman.
I'll focus on the first question. Getting an estimate of
Justice League’s returns at this early stage will require some extrapolation and assumptions based on industry norms.
I'll start by making a best guess at
Justice League's ultimate revenues, costs and profits, beginning with the widely reported figure of $300 million in production costs and an estimated $150 million for global marketing. Then I'll compare the
Justice League ROI to the results for other, comparable movies. This should be an empirically valid approach for assessing whether the film was a good investment for the studio, as defined by the first question above.
I should mention that as a former studio executive and current film finance consultant and producer, I have reasonably good qualifications for developing such projections. I should also point out, however, that with limited knowledge of the proprietary and confidential arrangements that Warner Bros has made with talent, producers and buyers of the film, the best I can offer here is an educated guess.
With that disclaimer out of the way, let's start with revenues. The current box office trajectory suggests a final domestic theatrical gross of around $235 million (that’s assuming a 2.45x multiplier on the $96 million first weekend gross, 2.45 being the median multiplier for DC’s prior 4 DCEU releases). Overseas I’m projecting a final international tally of around $400 million (assuming fairly generously that
JL gets the same hefty 2.15x multiple on its $185 million opening weekend overseas that
Batman v Superman (
BvS) got on its first overseas weekend.
Adding the domestic and overseas numbers gets us a $635 million worldwide theatrical gross. If that number holds up it would mean that
Justice League is the lowest-grossing movie among the five DCEU releases so far.
Of that $635 million in projected box office receipts, Warner Bros will get to keep around 52% of the domestic grosses, and a weighted average of around 38% of the foreign tally (that's 25% of the projected $90 million from China, and 42% of the aggregated grosses from all other overseas territories).
So that gets us to a sum of about $275 million in theatrical rentals going into Warner Bros' coffers. We can use this figure, along with some general Hollywood rules of thumb for projections, to estimate the ultimate revenues and costs for such additional lines of business as domestic and foreign video, TV and the like.
I'm going to estimate worldwide home entertainment, including subscription VOD and online sales, at $170 million. That's equal to 55% of the $310 million that
Avengers: Age of Ultron took in home entertainment, against 45% of the latter picture's $1.4 billion worldwide box office figure. Global TV revenues should come in at about $100 million. Estimating merchandising revenue is tricky because the Batman, Superman and Wonder Woman franchises are already generating somewhere around $800 million to $1 billion in annual retail merchandise sales and probably close to $100 million a year net to Warner Bros, so it's anyone's guess as to how much incremental revenue, if any,
Justice Leaguegenerates. Let's leave merchandise aside for the moment.
A few other esoteric revenue and expense items I can only guess at. Studio overhead fees and advertising overhead charges are usually factored in, and I’m going to estimate those at an additional $30 million coming back to Warner Bros.
So if we add up theatrical rentals with global home entertainment, TV and fees, we get to a net revenue figure of $575 million going to Warner Bros. Against that we deduct costs of $300 million for producing the movie, $150 million for marketing, $60 million for global home entertainment costs, $20 million for talent guild residuals and "off-the-tops" (release-related expenses), $20 million in interest expense and, let’s say, $50 million for talent participation to the director, producers, stars and others. People like Zack Snyder, Ben Affleck and producer Chuck Roven don't come cheap. I heard from one individual that talent participations aren’t being paid on
Justice League until the studio reaches cash breakeven, but I haven’t been able to confirm that so I’ll leave the $50 million expense in the calculation.
Total estimated costs: $600 million. Deduct that from the $545 million in studio revenue and we wind up with a $55 million loss. Against Warners' $475 million in upfront production and marketing expenditures, that works out to a negative 12% ROI.
That 12% loss may look pretty bad, but it gets even worse. We need to remember that it takes years for all this money to flow into the studio's coffers. The $300 million in production funding is spent long before the movie's release, and the marketing money is also a big upfront cost. The theatrical rental revenue usually comes back inside of a year after the film's release, but home entertainment revenue can take several years to trickle in, and TV revenue years more.
All of this is before we count the studio's overhead costs, which if amortized against the picture would probably widen the
Justice League loss by another $40 million. But for the sake of argument let's say that the incremental merchandise revenue I've temporarily set aside makes up half of that overhead cost, so the film's final loss works out to $75 million.
Finally, going back to that $150 million marketing expenditure, I know that the number is actually higher, but that Warner Bros’ marketing partners footed a big chunk of the bill. I’ll give the studio the benefit of the doubt and assume that its hard cash cost of marketing was $125 million. That brings the loss of the picture to $50 million.
That's the worst performance by far among when lined up against comparable recent films, as illustrated in the table below (the profit estimates come partially from Mike Fleming Jr.'s excellent analyses in
Deadline Hollywood). Assuming my estimates for
Justice League are in the right ballpark, then the film appears to have been a very bad investment for Warner Bros. Even if my loss estimates are off by $100 million and instead of losing $50 million the picture made $50 million in profit, it would still be the 19th worst performing picture on my 20-picture list.
Pacific Bridge Pictures
Source: Pacific Bridge Pictures and Deadline Hollywood analysis
A note about the 20 movies in the table: I chose them out of a field of three dozen superhero movies released in the past five years, primarily because these were the ones for which I had the most complete data. The others not on the chart include several hits like
Marvel's The Avengers and
The Dark Knight Rises, but overall they skew more toward less successful films like
The Green Hornet, The Fantastic Four and
The Amazing Spider-Man 2. Even I'd had the full data for all the movies and I was able to include them,
Justice League would still have fallen at the bottom of the pack, along with
The Fantastic Four, which was reported in one article in Deadline to have lost $60 million.
None of this happens in a vacuum. The vast underperformance of
Justice League will impact DC’s future releases like
Aquaman,
Shazam, and the
Justice League and
Wonder Woman sequels. It will also impact the way that studios look at and think about superhero pictures. It could even have a ripple effect on the upcoming Marvel movies.
Take a closer look at the top of the chart, where the most profitable superhero films are. Notice that two of the top five were produced by Fox at budgets under $100 million, and the top five averaged $150 million in cost. Now look at the bottom of the chart, where the worst financial performers are. All five cost $200 million and up to make, and they averaged $246 million in production costs. Note also that three of the fiver worst-performing superhero films were part of the Warner Bros. DC Extended Universe.
It's hard not to conclude from this that making tentpole superhero movies for under $100 million is smart and that in most cases making them for $200 million or more is pretty dumb.