The Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH), considered to be the most definitive Jewish (Cohen) genetic pattern, has been found in 45% of Ashkenazi kohanim, 56% of Sephardi kohanim, and 10%-13% of other Jewish males (i.e., non-kohanim). This is using the most conservative interpretation of the CMH (6/6 match); if one were to count those with a 5/6 match, the proportions are 69% of Ashkenazi kohanim, 61% of Sephardi kohanim, and relatively similar percentages (14-15%) for non-kohen Jewish males. Among Ashkenazic and Sephardic Israelites, the frequencies are, respectively, 13.2% and 9.8%. Similarly, looking at haplogroup J12f2a in a relatively small set of Jewish samples, the CMH was present in (without considering religious status) 10.1% of Kurdish (Mizrahi) males, 7.6% of Ashkenazi males, and 6.4% of Sephardi Males.
Moreover, almost all Samaritans belong to the Cohen Modal Haplotype. The Samaritans are descendants of the ancient Israelites and remain a highly endogamous group (~84% of marriages occur between cousins, producing the highest inbreeding coefficient recorded for any population), today numbering a mere ~700 individuals representing four large families. The Samaritans comprise four lineages: the Tsdaka lineage, which is claimed to have descended from the tribe of Menasseh; the Joshua-Marhiv and Danfi lineages, claiming descent from the tribe of Ephraim; and the priestly Cohen lineage from the tribe of Levi. Surprisingly, with the exception of one (M67 lineage from the Danfi family), all non-Cohen Samaritan Y-chromosomes belonged to the Cohen modal cluster (Oefner, 2004). Principal component analysis demonstrates a common ancestry of Samaritan and Jewish patrilineages, with most of the former tracing back to a common ancestor in the paternally-inherited Jewish high priesthood (kohanim). The Cohen modal cluster is invariably associated with haplogroup J. The fact that Samaritans carry the Cohen haplotype suggests that the ancient Israelites too, belonged primarily to haplogroup J (J1, J2), and carried the Cohen Modal Haplotype.
Despite extensive diversity among Israelites, a single haplotype (the Cohen modal haplotype) is strikingly frequent in both Ashkenazic and Sephardic Cohanim.In the Ashkenazic and Sephardic Cohanim, the modal haplotype (cluster) frequencies are 0.449 (0.694) and 0.561 (0.614), respectively. For comparison, among the Ashkenazic and Sephardic Israelites, the frequencies are 0.132 (0.147) and 0.098 (0.138), respectively. Given the relative isolation of Ashkenazic and Sephardic communities over the past 500 years, the presence of the same modal haplotype in the Cohanim of both communities strongly suggests a common origin. Estimates based on the Ashkenazic and Sephardic samples taken separately are 2,619 (3,142) and 2,684 (3,221) years before present, respectively.
Nebel and others found a strong similarity between Sephardim-Mizrahim and Ashkenazim concerning the famous Cohen Gene, assumed to be found in direct male descendants of Aaron, the brother of Moses and the first high priest. The CMH was subsequently shown to segregate on the background of haplogroup J-12f2a and was present in samples of Ashkenazi, Sephardic and Kurdish Jews (without considering religious status) at frequencies of 7.6%, 6.4% and 10.1%, respectively.
Approximately 300,000 men around the globe self-identify as Ashkenazi Levites, of whom two thirds were previously shown to descend from a single male. Here, we report the variation of 486 Y-chromosomes within the Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi Levite R1a clade, other Ashkenazi Jewish paternal lineages, as well as non-Levite Jewish and non-Jewish R1a samples . . . As contemporary males from all branches of R1a-Y2619 sampled so far carry one of the many Levites surnames, it can be strongly argued that this male ancestor self-affiliated as a Levite and may have carried the patronymic surname Levite.
Jews and Arabs in haplogroup J1 formed a complex tree with many branches...these branches were exclusively Arab or exclusively Jewish. There was no mixing between the branches in the past 2,000 to 3,000 years.
It also becomes clear why the search for the missing 10 tribes of Israel by DNA genealogy is difficult, if not impossible. For what and who should one look? Haplogroups? Haplotypes? We already have identified at least three haplogroups that may belong to the Y-DNA line of the Biblical Abraham, and hence the 12 tribes of Israel - J1, J2 and R1a.
Why's that? He's not wrong, it is a problem. Why does this government care this much about a foreign nation? This country is already in debt yet we still send them money? If you criticize our government and it's obsession with Israel then you're looked at as evil and Midas we'll be labeled a nazi?
Same group who funded the Black Slave trade is getting 10s of Billions of us tax money from us...
And now celebrities are giving millions that could be used for early childhood education.
That was probably a budget cut. About 15 years ago we were giving them about $10 billion a year for defense.m Israel has a pretty sinister network using AIPAC to corrupt the US government. There was I think a US senator busted on tape making side deals for Israel. Nothing happened but her not running for reelection.
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I'm actually shocked that Bob Marley's son performed at the event.
Bob Marleys son....
