Considerable evidence indicates that about 60,000 years ago, humans inhabited what has since become the desolate
Sahara Desert of northern Niger. Later, on what was then huge fertile grasslands, from at least 7,000 BCE there was pastoralism, herding of sheep and goats, large settlements and pottery. Cattle were introduced to the Central Sahara (
Ahaggar) from 4,000 to 3,500 BCE. Remarkable rock paintings, many found in the Aïr Mountains, dated 3,500 to 2,500 BCE, portray vegetation and animal presence rather different from modern expectations.
[2]
One recent find suggests what is now the Sahara of northeast Niger was home to a succession of
Holocene era societies. One Saharan site illustrated how sedentary hunter-fisher-gatherers lived at the edge of shallow lakes around 7700–6200 BCE, but disappeared during a period of extreme drought that may have lasted for a
millennium over 6200–5200 BCE. Several former northern villages and archaeological sites date from the
Green Sahara period of 7500-7000 to 3500-3000
BCE.
[3] When the climate returned to savanna grasslands—wetter than today's climate—and lakes reappeared in what is the modern
Ténére desert, a population practicing hunting, fishing, and cattle husbandry. This last population survived until almost historical times, from 5200–2500 BCE, when the current arid period began.
[4]
As the Sahara dried after 2000 BCE, the north of Niger became the desert it is today, with settlements and trade routes clinging to the Air in the north, the
Kaouar and shore of
Lake Chad in the west, and (apart for a scattering of oases) most people living along what is now the southern border with
Nigeria and the southwest of the country.
