I was listening to an excellent military podcast in the episode there was a Russian doctrine expert (I'm not a military breh and I'm translating so some of the terms might not be accurate)
Basically said that Russia's doctrine since WW2 has been :
- far too heavily influenced by WW2
- in opposition of Western doctrine(s)
- infantry/artillery based
Coupled with a strictly vertical and "systemic" command chain which does not give officers much room for improvisation and soldiers zero initiative, the failures of this war made total sense.
Dude said that the VKS (Russian Air Forces) in the russian doctrine is marginalized because the might of its armed forces is with the artillery and the sheer number of its infantry. Because of that air support is often subordinated to the infantry commander with little to no autonomy.
That leads to coordination issues in the field : when there are different battalions in the same operation, they all have their own air support which answers only to their battalion commander and do not really interact between each other.
Russia also did not develop any true response against air defence which was good in Ukraine. Basically, the Russian doctrine in opposition to the West, do not use its air force to cripple enemy's defences as it's the artillery's role. From a russian pov, it's dumb to send an aircraft against systems that are designed to down them overall considering how expensive they are.
The consistent opposition to Western doctrines is also a way to emphasize on their own strenghts with the will to show they can do the same as the West but differently.
All in all, that's some of the reasons of the failures and the difference between the West and Russia. Podcast was like 1h30 long so there were some other stuff also regarding training, strategies and organization but that should give a good summary.
Outside of nukes this is the Russian military.
