KnowledgeIsQueen
Duality Duel
3-12-2013
"How should ****** be defined? Is it a part of the American cultural inheritance that warrants preservation? Why does ****** generate such powerful reactions? Is it a more hurtful racial epithet than insults such as kike, wop, wetback, mick, chink, and gook? Am I wrongfully offending the sensibilities of readers right now by spelling out ****** instead of using a euphemism such as N-word? Should blacks be able to use ****** in ways forbidden to others? Should the law view ****** as a provocation that reduces the culpability of a person who responds to it violently? Under what circumstances, if any, should a person be ousted from his or her job for saying "******"? What methods are useful for depriving ****** of destructiveness? In the pages that follow, I will pursue these and related questions. I will put a tracer on ******, report on its use, and assess the controversies to which it gives rise. I have invested energy in this endeavor because ****** is a key word in the lexicon of race relations and thus an important term in American politics.
To be ignorant of its meanings and effects is to make oneself vulnerable to all manner of perils, including the loss of a job, a reputation, a friend, even one's life.
Let's turn first to etymology. ****** is derived from the Latin word for the color black, niger. According to the Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang, it did not originate as a slur but took on a derogatory connotation over time. ****** and other words related to it have been spelled in a variety of ways, including nikkah, nigguh, niggur, and nikkar. When John Rolfe recorded in his journal the first shipment of Africans to Virginia in 1619, he listed them as "negars." A 1689 inventory of an estate in Brooklyn, New York, made mention of an enslaved "niggor" boy. The seminal lexicographer Noah Webster referred to Negroes as "negers." (Currently some people insist upon distinguishing ******--which they see as exclusively an insult--from nikka, which they view as a term capable of signaling friendly salutation.) In the 1700s niger appeared in what the dictionary describes as "dignified argumentation" such as Samuel Sewall's denunciation of slavery, The Selling of Joseph. No one knows precisely when or how niger turned derisively into ****** and attained a pejorative meaning. We do know, however, that by the end of the first third of the nineteenth century, ****** had already become a familiar and influential insult.
In A Treatise on the Intellectual Character and Civil and Political Condition of the Colored People of the United States: and the Prejudice Exercised Towards Them (1837), Hosea Easton wrote that ****** "is an opprobrious term, employed to impose contempt upon [blacks] as an inferior race. . . . The term in itself would be perfectly harmless were it used only to distinguish one class of society from another; but it is not used with that intent. . . . t flows from the fountain of purpose to injure." Easton averred that often the earliest instruction white adults gave to white children prominently featured the word ******. Adults reprimanded them for being "worse than ******s," for being "ignorant as ******s," for having "no more credit than ******s"; they disciplined them by telling them that unless they behaved they would be carried off by "the old ******" or made to sit with "******s" or consigned to the "****** seat," which was, of course, a place of shame.
Over the years, ****** has become the best known of the American language's many racial insults, evolving into the paradigmatic slur. It is the epithet that generates epithets. That is why Arabs are called "sand ******s", Irish "the ******s of Europe," and Palestinians "the ******s of the Middle East"; why black bowling balls have been called "****** eggs", games of craps "****** golf," watermelons "****** hams," rolls of one-dollar bills "****** rolls," bad luck "****** luck," gossip "****** news" and heavy boots "****** stompers."
Observers have made strong claims on behalf of the special status of ****** as a racial insult. The journalist Farari Chideya describes it as "the all American- trump card, the nuclear bomb of racial epithets." The writer Andrew Hacker has asserted that among slurs of any sort, ****** "stands alone [in] its power to tear at one's insides. Judge Stephen Reinhardt deems ****** "the most noxious racial epithet in the contemporary American lexicon. And prosecutor Christopher Darden famously branded ****** the "filthiest, dirtiest, nastiest world in the English Language."
For some observers, the only legitimate use of ****** is as a rhetorical boomerang against racists. There are others, however, who approvingly note a wide range of additional usages. According to Professor Clarence Major, when ****** is "used by black people among themselves, [it] is a racial term with undertones of warmth and good will - reflecting .... a tragicomic sensibility that is aware of black history. The writer Claude Brown once admiringly described ****** as "perhaps the most soulful word in the world," and journalist Jarvis DeBerry calls it "beautiful in its multiplicity of functions." "I am not aware," DeBerry Writes, "Of any other word capable of expressing so many contradictory emotions." Traditionally an insult, ****** can be a compliment, as in "He played like a ******." Historically a signal of hostility, it can also be a salutation announcing affection, as in "This is my main ******." A term of belittlement, ****** can also be a term of respect, as in "James Brown is a straight-up ******." A word that can bring forth bitter tears in certain circumstances, ****** can prompt joyful laughter in others.
A candid portrayal of the N-word's use among African Americans can be found in Helen Jackson Lee's autobiography, ****** in the window. It was Lee's cousin who first introduced her to ****** possibilities. As Lee remembered it, "Cousin Bea had a hundred different ways of saying ******; listening to her, I learned a variety of meanings the world could assume. How it could be opened up like an umbrella to cover a dozen different moods, or stretched like a rubber band to wrap up our family with other colored families... ****** was a piece-of-clay word that you could shape..... to express your feelings.
If ****** represented only an insulting slur and was associated only with racial animus, this book would not exist, for the term would be insufficiently interesting to warrant extended study. ****** is fascinating precisely because it has been put to a variety of uses and can radiate a wide array of meanings."
******: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word
~*Randall Kennedy
"Knowledge is like a garden; if it is not cultivated, it cannot be harvested" ~*African Proverb
"How should ****** be defined? Is it a part of the American cultural inheritance that warrants preservation? Why does ****** generate such powerful reactions? Is it a more hurtful racial epithet than insults such as kike, wop, wetback, mick, chink, and gook? Am I wrongfully offending the sensibilities of readers right now by spelling out ****** instead of using a euphemism such as N-word? Should blacks be able to use ****** in ways forbidden to others? Should the law view ****** as a provocation that reduces the culpability of a person who responds to it violently? Under what circumstances, if any, should a person be ousted from his or her job for saying "******"? What methods are useful for depriving ****** of destructiveness? In the pages that follow, I will pursue these and related questions. I will put a tracer on ******, report on its use, and assess the controversies to which it gives rise. I have invested energy in this endeavor because ****** is a key word in the lexicon of race relations and thus an important term in American politics.
To be ignorant of its meanings and effects is to make oneself vulnerable to all manner of perils, including the loss of a job, a reputation, a friend, even one's life.
Let's turn first to etymology. ****** is derived from the Latin word for the color black, niger. According to the Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang, it did not originate as a slur but took on a derogatory connotation over time. ****** and other words related to it have been spelled in a variety of ways, including nikkah, nigguh, niggur, and nikkar. When John Rolfe recorded in his journal the first shipment of Africans to Virginia in 1619, he listed them as "negars." A 1689 inventory of an estate in Brooklyn, New York, made mention of an enslaved "niggor" boy. The seminal lexicographer Noah Webster referred to Negroes as "negers." (Currently some people insist upon distinguishing ******--which they see as exclusively an insult--from nikka, which they view as a term capable of signaling friendly salutation.) In the 1700s niger appeared in what the dictionary describes as "dignified argumentation" such as Samuel Sewall's denunciation of slavery, The Selling of Joseph. No one knows precisely when or how niger turned derisively into ****** and attained a pejorative meaning. We do know, however, that by the end of the first third of the nineteenth century, ****** had already become a familiar and influential insult.
In A Treatise on the Intellectual Character and Civil and Political Condition of the Colored People of the United States: and the Prejudice Exercised Towards Them (1837), Hosea Easton wrote that ****** "is an opprobrious term, employed to impose contempt upon [blacks] as an inferior race. . . . The term in itself would be perfectly harmless were it used only to distinguish one class of society from another; but it is not used with that intent. . . . t flows from the fountain of purpose to injure." Easton averred that often the earliest instruction white adults gave to white children prominently featured the word ******. Adults reprimanded them for being "worse than ******s," for being "ignorant as ******s," for having "no more credit than ******s"; they disciplined them by telling them that unless they behaved they would be carried off by "the old ******" or made to sit with "******s" or consigned to the "****** seat," which was, of course, a place of shame.
Over the years, ****** has become the best known of the American language's many racial insults, evolving into the paradigmatic slur. It is the epithet that generates epithets. That is why Arabs are called "sand ******s", Irish "the ******s of Europe," and Palestinians "the ******s of the Middle East"; why black bowling balls have been called "****** eggs", games of craps "****** golf," watermelons "****** hams," rolls of one-dollar bills "****** rolls," bad luck "****** luck," gossip "****** news" and heavy boots "****** stompers."
Observers have made strong claims on behalf of the special status of ****** as a racial insult. The journalist Farari Chideya describes it as "the all American- trump card, the nuclear bomb of racial epithets." The writer Andrew Hacker has asserted that among slurs of any sort, ****** "stands alone [in] its power to tear at one's insides. Judge Stephen Reinhardt deems ****** "the most noxious racial epithet in the contemporary American lexicon. And prosecutor Christopher Darden famously branded ****** the "filthiest, dirtiest, nastiest world in the English Language."
For some observers, the only legitimate use of ****** is as a rhetorical boomerang against racists. There are others, however, who approvingly note a wide range of additional usages. According to Professor Clarence Major, when ****** is "used by black people among themselves, [it] is a racial term with undertones of warmth and good will - reflecting .... a tragicomic sensibility that is aware of black history. The writer Claude Brown once admiringly described ****** as "perhaps the most soulful word in the world," and journalist Jarvis DeBerry calls it "beautiful in its multiplicity of functions." "I am not aware," DeBerry Writes, "Of any other word capable of expressing so many contradictory emotions." Traditionally an insult, ****** can be a compliment, as in "He played like a ******." Historically a signal of hostility, it can also be a salutation announcing affection, as in "This is my main ******." A term of belittlement, ****** can also be a term of respect, as in "James Brown is a straight-up ******." A word that can bring forth bitter tears in certain circumstances, ****** can prompt joyful laughter in others.
A candid portrayal of the N-word's use among African Americans can be found in Helen Jackson Lee's autobiography, ****** in the window. It was Lee's cousin who first introduced her to ****** possibilities. As Lee remembered it, "Cousin Bea had a hundred different ways of saying ******; listening to her, I learned a variety of meanings the world could assume. How it could be opened up like an umbrella to cover a dozen different moods, or stretched like a rubber band to wrap up our family with other colored families... ****** was a piece-of-clay word that you could shape..... to express your feelings.
If ****** represented only an insulting slur and was associated only with racial animus, this book would not exist, for the term would be insufficiently interesting to warrant extended study. ****** is fascinating precisely because it has been put to a variety of uses and can radiate a wide array of meanings."
******: The Strange Career of a Troublesome Word
~*Randall Kennedy
"Knowledge is like a garden; if it is not cultivated, it cannot be harvested" ~*African Proverb
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