1918 Flu Pandemic That Killed 50 Million Originated in China, Historians Say
Having originated in
China and Inner Asia, the Black Death decimated the army of the
Kipchak khan Janibeg while he was besieging the
Genoese trading port of Kaffa (now
Feodosiya) in
Crimea (1347). With his forces disintegrating, Janibeg catapulted plague-infested corpses into the town in an effort to infect his enemies. From Kaffa, Genoese ships carried the epidemic westward to Mediterranean ports, whence it spread inland, affecting
Sicily (1347);
North Africa, mainland
Italy,
Spain, and
France (1348); and
Austria,
Hungary,
Switzerland,
Germany, and the
Low Countries (1349). A ship from
Calais carried the plague to
Melcombe Regis,
Dorset, in
August 1348. It reached Bristol almost immediately and spread rapidly throughout the southwestern counties of
England.
London suffered most violently between February and May 1349,
East Anglia and
Yorkshire during that summer. The Black Death reached the extreme north of England,
Scotland,
Scandinavia, and the
Baltic countries
There were recurrences of the plague in 1361–63, 1369–71, 1374–75, 1390, and 1400. Modern research has suggested that, over that period of time, plague was introduced into Europe multiple times, coming along trade routes in waves from
Central Asia as a result of
climate fluctuations that affected populations of
rodents infested with plague-carrying
fleas.