Inherent Contempt
Congress’s inherent contempt power is not specifically granted by the Constitution, but is
considered necessary to investigate and legislate effectively. The validity of the inherent contempt
power was upheld in the early Supreme Court decision in Anderson v. Dunn and reiterated in
McGrain v. Daugherty. Under the inherent contempt power the individual is brought before the
House or Senate by the Sergeant-at-Arms, tried at the bar of the body, and can be imprisoned or
detained in the Capitol or perhaps elsewhere.79 The purpose of the imprisonment or other sanction may be either punitive80 or coercive.81 Thus, the witness can be imprisoned for a specified period
of time as punishment, or for an indefinite period (but not, at least by the House, beyond the end
of a session of the Congress) until he agrees to comply. One commentator has concluded that the
procedure followed by the House in the contempt citation that was at issue in Anderson v. Dunn is
typical of that employed in the inherent contempt cases.
These traditional methods may be explained by using as an illustration Anderson v. Dunn.
... In 1818, a Member of the House of Representatives accused Anderson, a non-Member,
of trying to bribe him. ... The House adopted a resolution pursuant to which the Speaker
ordered the Sergeant-at-Arms to arrest Anderson and bring him before the bar of the House
(to answer the charge). When Anderson appeared, the Speaker informed him why he had
been brought before the House and asked if he had any requests for assistance in answering
the charge. Anderson stated his requests, and the House granted him counsel, compulsory
process for defense witnesses, and a copy, of the accusatory letter. Anderson called his
witnesses; the House heard and questioned them and him. It then passed a resolution
finding him guilty of contempt and directing the Speaker to reprimand him and then to
discharge him from custody. The pattern was thereby established of attachment by the
Sergeant-at-Arms; appearance before the bar; provision for specification of charges,
identification of the accuser, compulsory process, counsel, and a hearing; determination of
guilt; imposition of penalty.82
When a witness is cited for contempt under the inherent contempt process, prompt judicial review
appears to be available by means of a petition for a writ of habeas corpus.83 In such a habeas
proceeding, the issues decided by the court might be limited to (a) whether the House or Senate
acted in a manner within its jurisdiction,84 and (b) whether the contempt proceedings complied
with minimum due process standards.85 While Congress would not have to afford a contemnor the
whole panoply of procedural rights available to a defendant in criminal proceedings, notice and
an opportunity to be heard would have to be granted.86 Also, some of the requirements imposed
by the courts under the statutory criminal contempt procedure (e.g., pertinency of the question
asked to the committee’s investigation) might be mandated by the due process clause in the case
of inherent contempt proceedings.87
Although many of the inherent contempt precedents have involved incarceration of the
contemnor, there may be an argument for the imposition of monetary fines as an alternative. Such
a fine would potentially have the advantage of avoiding a court proceeding on habeas corpus
grounds, as the contemnor would never be jailed or detained. Drawing on the analogous authority to