Black family in Georgia passed down a song through the centuries after slavery. Researchers linked song to Mende tribe in West Africa.

[Dafunkdoc_Unlimited]

Im talking about african slaves sent into the new world in the 1500s.

You're trying to change the subject because your argument is invalid and has no evidence to support it. Europeans didn't 'mistake' indigenous people for Africans which is why you keep resorting to 'They look Black to me.'

 

[Ish Gibor]

They wouldn't be 'mistaken' to be African since they weren't in Africa, just like they didn't 'mistake' Continental Indians to be African.

In old anthropology these Australian aboriginals and Melanesians are clustered under the Africoid type, but not African. Many groups fell under the Africoid umbrella, like groups in the Arabian Peninsula. These people have their own genetic markers. But there are obvious flaws in that theory, because of human diversity on and off the African continent. It can get very complicated, because the African diversity (Caucasoid, Negroid, and Mongoloid) shows a cluster on its own. Most of us in the MAAFA diaspora just happen to relate to Central and West Africa.

"Genetic distance analysis indicates that Amerindian and Australoid are genetically closer to Mongoloid than to Caucasoid and Negroid, as expected."

Genetic relationship of human populations and ethnic differences in reaction to drugs and food - PubMed

Using gene frequency data for a large number of protein and blood group loci and restriction-site data for mitochondrial DNA, we studied the genetic variation within and between the three major races of man, Caucasoid, Negroid, and Mongoloid. In all the three major races, about 50 percent of...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Furthermore,

Academics analysed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and Y chromosome DNA of Aboriginal Australians and Melanesians from New Guinea. This data was compared with the various DNA patterns associated with early humans. The research was an international effort, with researchers from Tartu in Estonia, Oxford, and Stanford in California all contributing key data and expertise.
[…]
“The results showed that both the Aborigines and Melanesians share the genetic features that have been linked to the exodus of modern humans from Africa 50,000 years ago.“.

DNA links Aborigines to African walkabout

Researchers have produced new DNA evidence that almost certainly confirms the theory that all modern humans have a common ancestry.

www.cam.ac.uk

"There is strong fossil and genetic evidence that modern humans arose in Africa ∼200,000 years ago, with a subset departing the continent much later (∼40,000–80,000 years ago) to populate the rest of the world.1 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) suggests that these migrants exited Africa by the “southern route,” across the Red Sea to Arabia, moving relatively rapidly along the coast to reach Southeast Asia and Australia.2 Indeed, despite its distance from Africa, Australia has some of the earliest reliable evidence of human habitation outside Africa, dating to at least ∼46,000 and probably ∼60,000 years ago"
[...]
"Analysis of finer population structure in the whole-genome SNP data also indicates that these ancient initial settlers were subsequently isolated and relatively undisturbed by later migrations from the Asian mainland. There is little evidence, for instance, of East Asian ancestry that could be attributed to the Austronesian expansion (beginning ∼5,500 years ago), which impacted, to varying degrees, other indigenous Oceanic (Melanesian and Papuan) populations,18,44,45 nor is there any convincing signal of recent contact between Australia and the Indian subcontinent. The presence of phylogenetically ancient and geographically restricted mtDNA lineages (such as haplogroups S and M42) in Australia together with the absence of Austronesian mtDNA (B4a1a1a) and Y chromosome (O-M110, O-M119, O-M324) lineages supports our whole-genome-based conclusions. The results imply that noted archaeological events, such as the mid-Holocene “intensification” (witnessed by increases in both the complexity and density of stone tools at many archaeological sites46) or the arrival of the dingo,47 were not mediated by substantial amounts of migration from mainland Eurasia. It is clear from the data, however, that this period of apparent long-term isolation was ended by the arrival of European settlers beginning in 1788."

Whole-Genome Genetic Diversity in a Sample of Australians with Deep Aboriginal Ancestry - PMC

Australia was probably settled soon after modern humans left Africa, but details of this ancient migration are not well understood. Debate centers on whether the Pleistocene Sahul continent (composed of New Guinea, Australia, and Tasmania) was first ...

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

This means that they too eventually came from Africa during the upper Paleolithic stage, whereas we from the MAAFA diaspora have Mesolithic and Neolithic to Middle Ages ancestry from Africa.

This makes our gene pool and physiology closely related, or even the same to modern day Central and West Africans. What makes it different is our admixture and the African composition from the many different African ethnicities that mixed together. And all that also depends on the region of a specific plantation.

At this point the guy is just saying things to be staying things. He is confusing things, because the material is complicated. smh

 

[Ish Gibor]

You're trying to change the subject because your argument is invalid and has no evidence to support it. Europeans didn't 'mistake' indigenous people for Africans which is why you keep resorting to 'They look Black to me.'

Indeed if they had encountered African types in the Americas, they would have considered them that, "Ethiopians", but they didn't call them that. They did call them Indians, because that is what those people resembled. Indian susceptibly comes from "indigo". But as you said, these Europeans didn't describe them as such when Europeans colonized the Americas. These Europeans described them as Indians, similar to East Indians. Although I have seen some classical texts where they spoke of "negroes in South America", but never gave a specifically location and other details.

Anyway, there are no Black Americans found with Denisovan DNA, at least not that I have ever heard about. Nor have I heard of Denisovan presence on American landmass. Denisovans roamed throughout certain parts in Asia.

So if this "ancient native Black population" was as prevalent in America as is claimed, the Denisovan DNA would have been in basically all Black Americans as well. Certainly because they claim that only a small portion of Africans was deported to North America. And that is by those who do acknowledge that the transatlantic slavery happened, because it's not all unanimous amongst these ABOS scholars. They have different variations of the "it happened in reverse concept".

Contact Support

(National Humanities Center "Del Viaggio del Verazzano Nobile Fiorentino al Servizio di Francesco I, Ri de Francia, fatto nel 1524 all’America Settentrionale.")

https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/contact/text4/verrazzano.pdf

"They go completely naked except that around their loins they wear skins of small animals like martens, with a narrow belt of grass around the body, to which they tie various tails of other animals which hang down to the knees; the rest of the body is bare, and so is the head. Some of them wear garlands of birds’ feathers. They are dark in color, not unlike the Ethiopians, with thick black hair, not very long, tied back behind the head like a small tail."
The Written Record of the Voyage of 1524 of Giovanni da Verrazano as recorded in a letter to Francis I, King of France, July 8th, 1524

This is the "original" Italian text:

Voyages d’un Florentin : Giovanni da Verrazzano (1485-1528)

Here is the source of the image below, but no source reference and additional information to the original image is given.

Original Cherokee of the Carolinas | Gallery

Original Cherokee woman of the Carolinas.

www.linna-usa.org

Black Americans tested all comeback with African matches (and west European admixture, that goes back to the countries that have colonized specific areas), not as Aborigines and Melanesians Austronesian with mtDNA (B4a1a1a) and Y chromosome (O-M110, O-M119, O-M324) lineage markers. So the entire argument this guy came up with makes no sense.

There is no records of Black Americans ever referring to themselves as descendants of Australian aboriginals and Melanesians etc...

Most of this philosophy is based on Runoko Rashidi's physical observations he had throughout Asia. Some of the groups do look like modern Africans and Black Americans.

"Africoid peoples are human populations of varying phenotypes who are considered black regardless of recent African ancestry..Rashidi, Runoko. The Global African Community. "The African Perspective in India." 1998. September 2, 2007.

http://saxakali.com/Saxakali-Publications/runoko19.htm

Bioanthropologist S.O.Y. Keita however, uses the term to describe African descent populations whose morphological variants originate exclusively withinthe African continent.S.O.Y. Keita. "Studies and Comments on The Biological Relationships of AncientEgyptians". History in Africa, 20: 129-154 (1993)"

Africoid peoples

are human populations of varying phenotypes who are considered black regardless of recent African ancestry..Rashidi, Runoko. The Global African Community. The African Perspective in India. 1998. September 2, 2007. [http://saxakali.com/Saxakali…

en-academic.com

 

[Ish Gibor]

We have more awareness of phenotype diversity today. Yet a dark skinned dominican who looks like Young Dro would still be seen as black,because he looks black(just an example)

Have you ever looked into the history of the Dominican Republic?

"In 1501, the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand I and Isabella, first granted permission to the colonists of the Caribbean to import African slaves, who began arriving to the island in 1503. In 1510, the first sizable shipment, consisting of 250 Black Ladinos, arrived in Hispaniola from Spain. Eight years later African-born slaves arrived in the West Indies. The Colony of Santo Domingo was organized as the Royal Audiencia of Santo Domingo in 1511. Sugar cane was introduced to Hispaniola from the Canary Islands, and the first sugar mill in the New World was established in 1516, on Hispaniola.[10] The need for a labor force to meet the growing demands of sugar cane cultivation led to an exponential increase in the importation of slaves over the following two decades. The sugar mill owners soon formed a new colonial elite and convinced the Spanish king to allow them to elect the members of the Real Audiencia from their ranks. Poorer colonists subsisted by hunting the herds of wild cattle that roamed throughout the island and selling their hides.

The first major slave revolt in the Americas occurred in Santo Domingo on December 25, 1521, when enslaved Muslims of the Wolof nation led an uprising in the sugar plantation of admiral Don Diego Colon, son of Christopher Columbus. Many of these insurgents managed to escape to the mountains where they formed independent maroon communities, but the Admiral had a lot of the captured rebels hanged"

History of the Dominican Republic - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Documented African Roots of Dominicans

African ethnonyms in Dominican historical sources: 1547-1606 SUMMARY Estimated number of Africans: 9,648 – 30,000 African origins specified: 79 TOP 3 BREAKDOWN OF AFRICAN BORN SLAVES “Bran” (…

tracingafricanroots.wordpress.com

Dominican 23andme results

Contents Introduction Summary of survey findings Screenshots of 23andme results Intro This page features screenshots of Dominican 23andme results. When reviewing these results it is essential to be…

tracingafricanroots.wordpress.com

Yet you all believe the European who was far more ignorant and less considerate. Would have taken the time and care to distinguish "black looking" natives from Africans.

so if you believe there were natives in the Americas who looked anything close to black/"negro" . Not sure what proof you need,other than seeing how it works present day. If you look black,you are black until stated otherwise.

That is not completely true, because Native American can have darker skin, full lips and somewhat wider noses with platyrrhine nasal.

The issue is that all of them cluster genetically, as they have the same common ancestry. Another issue is that most of them if not all are cold adapted in body portions and limb ratio with some intermediate, whereas Black Americans are tropical adapted in body portions and limb ratio, where it can lessen depending on the amount of admixture.

Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Unfortunately,I doubt back then black natives were given the option to say "me no African"#TheProofIsInThePudding
Im talking about african slaves sent into the new world in the 1500s.

And your just being obtuse now. Once a "black" native were to get mixed in with African slaves. They wouldve been a negro and a slave,period.

There is hope, … We know the gene pool of those in the Pacific, so all we need is a genetic match with these remains.

Do you understand that with modern science such as genetics, this can be traced? Even a-DNA (ancient DNA) can give us results on who these people were. And that is besides the osteological metrical data. So, where are all these remains of these ancient indigenous Black populations? The climate in most of North America is suited to preserve remains in good condition.

This means that Black Americans should carry specific diseases like that of the Australian aborigines and Melanesians, but also the Denisovan DNA. Do you carry these specific diseases and Denisovan DNA? You have yet to explain why Black Americans do carry diseases similar to modern Central and West Africans? Why is it about 1 in 13 Black (African-American) babies is born with sickle cell trait (SCT)? How come the spread of the sickle cell trait (SCT) is synonymous with the spread of Africans from certain regions in Africa?

Data & Statistics on Sickle Cell Disease | CDC

Read data highlights about sickle cell disease.

www.cdc.gov

List of burial mounds in the United States - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Science Vol. 362, No. 6419 - Early human dispersals within the Americas

 

[Still Benefited]

Have you ever looked into the history of the Dominican Republic?

"In 1501, the Spanish monarchs, Ferdinand I and Isabella, first granted permission to the colonists of the Caribbean to import African slaves, who began arriving to the island in 1503. In 1510, the first sizable shipment, consisting of 250 Black Ladinos, arrived in Hispaniola from Spain. Eight years later African-born slaves arrived in the West Indies. The Colony of Santo Domingo was organized as the Royal Audiencia of Santo Domingo in 1511. Sugar cane was introduced to Hispaniola from the Canary Islands, and the first sugar mill in the New World was established in 1516, on Hispaniola.[10] The need for a labor force to meet the growing demands of sugar cane cultivation led to an exponential increase in the importation of slaves over the following two decades. The sugar mill owners soon formed a new colonial elite and convinced the Spanish king to allow them to elect the members of the Real Audiencia from their ranks. Poorer colonists subsisted by hunting the herds of wild cattle that roamed throughout the island and selling their hides.

The first major slave revolt in the Americas occurred in Santo Domingo on December 25, 1521, when enslaved Muslims of the Wolof nation led an uprising in the sugar plantation of admiral Don Diego Colon, son of Christopher Columbus. Many of these insurgents managed to escape to the mountains where they formed independent maroon communities, but the Admiral had a lot of the captured rebels hanged"

History of the Dominican Republic - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Documented African Roots of Dominicans

African ethnonyms in Dominican historical sources: 1547-1606 SUMMARY Estimated number of Africans: 9,648 – 30,000 African origins specified: 79 TOP 3 BREAKDOWN OF AFRICAN BORN SLAVES “Bran” (…

tracingafricanroots.wordpress.com

Dominican 23andme results

Contents Introduction Summary of survey findings Screenshots of 23andme results Intro This page features screenshots of Dominican 23andme results. When reviewing these results it is essential to be…

tracingafricanroots.wordpress.com

That is not completely true, because Native American can have darker skin, full lips and somewhat wider noses with platyrrhine nasal.

The issue is that all of them cluster genetically, as they have the same common ancestry. Another issue is that most of them if not all are cold adapted in body portions and limb ratio with some intermediate, whereas Black Americans are tropical adapted in body portions and limb ratio, where it can lessen depending on the amount of admixture.

Indigenous peoples of the Americas - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

There is hope, … We know the gene pool of those in the Pacific, so all we need is a genetic match with these remains.

Do you understand that with modern science such as genetics, this can be traced? Even a-DNA (ancient DNA) can give us results on who these people were. And that is besides the osteological metrical data. So, where are all these remains of these ancient indigenous Black populations? The climate in most of North America is suited to preserve remains in good condition.

This means that Black Americans should carry specific diseases like that of the Australian aborigines and Melanesians, but also the Denisovan DNA. Do you carry these specific diseases and Denisovan DNA? You have yet to explain why Black Americans do carry diseases similar to modern Central and West Africans? Why is it about 1 in 13 Black (African-American) babies is born with sickle cell trait (SCT)? How come the spread of the sickle cell trait (SCT) is synonymous with the spread of Africans from certain regions in Africa?

Data & Statistics on Sickle Cell Disease | CDC

Read data highlights about sickle cell disease.

www.cdc.gov

List of burial mounds in the United States - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Science Vol. 362, No. 6419 - Early human dispersals within the Americas

Yes, the Young Dro example was just an example of misidentification that happens today. If you saw a dominican like that in America,he would be assumed to be black american/African. If back then a black native looked like Young Dro,and was enslaved among Africans. He wouldve been seen as a negro by the European.

And you do realize Ethiopia used to describe a large portion of Africa. And irrc all of Africa may have been called Ethiopia at one point.


"The terms Aethiops, Ethiop, or Ethiope are archaic words for a dark-skinned person. It may refer to: Aethiopia, an ancient term for parts of Africa. Æthiops mineral, a form of cinnabar."


And no,@Dafunkdoc_Unlimited is correct,they would not have been called Ethiopians because they were in a completely different location,different language etc. But in your own source it describes that there were black natives who they described as "like the Ethiope" of whats now known as Africa. Just need to be clear that when they said Ethiopians they arent refering to whats known as Ethiopia today or those people specefically. They are speaking generally,describing them as like the dark skinned people of Africa.



But at least you finally went on record and made my point. You actually have no argument against me,you are arguing with a contigent of people I dont align myself with. I dont listen to that dude from youtube you posted. You agree with me there were black natives. How many there were I have absolutely no idea. Past 1502 all slaves were reffered to as "negro"/black. So any black natives captured wouldve simply been negros and grouped in with the Ethiopes s.k.a Africans.




So the argument of "wheres all the dna" isnt a good argument at all. Since I never once stated the majority of African Americans arent of African descent.


@HarlemHottie was right 3 pages ago "who the hell are yall arguing with"? Yall just assumed my stance based off the people yall listen to on youtube. And picked a fight with ghost basically,yet still managed to lose somehow. Because the fact remains #WeWereAlreadyHere.




You all have admitted this to a degree now. You just dont agree it was a small portion in comparison to Africans. So basically you all agree with me and I humbly accept your apologies#IRestMyCase

 

[Ish Gibor]

Yes, the Young Dro example was just an example of misidentification that happens today. If you saw a dominican like that in America,he would be assumed to be black american/African. If back then a black native looked like Young Dro,and was enslaved among Africans. He wouldve been seen as a negro by the European.

I understand you are slow, so I will try to explain it again. Young Dro is whatever this guy's name is. He is of the same genetic root as Black Americans. The difference is the admixture. If Young Dro does a genetic test, his sequence will look somewhat similar as other Black Americans.

As a matter of fact, Jan Rodrigues: The 1st Black Man to Set Foot on the Island of Manhattan. lol

"Santo Domingo was the site of the first major rebellion by African slaves in the Americas, in 1522, on a plantation owned by Gov. Diego Colón, as the son of Christopher Columbus was known in Spain. Ninety years later, Spain had come to view its Caribbean possessions as something of a backwater—Santo Domingo lacked the gold and silver that made Mexico and Peru more profitable for Spanish colonists."

Jan Rodrigues: The 1st Black Man to Set Foot on the Island of Manhattan

In 1613, seven years before the Pilgrims landed in Plymouth, and six years before a Dutch vessel sold 20 Africans to the Virginia colonists at Jamestown, a black man named Jan Rodrigues was the first non-Native American to settle and trade on what is now Manhattan Island.

www.theroot.com

"Few people realise that the Dominican Republic was home to the first black people in the Americas, who were initially brought here from present-day Senegal and The Gambia in the 1490s by Christopher Columbus."

Santo Domingo: The city that kept slavery silent

The Dominican Republic was home to the first black people in the Americas. So why has Europe’s oldest permanent settlement in the Americas turned its back on its African past?

www.bbc.com

"The 1521 Santo Domingo Slave Revolt occurred in the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo on the island of Hispaniola during that year’s Christmas festivities. It is the earliest recorded slave revolt in the Americas. Just days after the revolt occurred, a new set of laws were created to prevent future rebellions. These are believed to be the earliest laws created to control enslaved Africans in the New World.

During the early 1520s, 30 years after Christopher Columbus first arrived in the Americas. the Spanish controlled the island of Hispaniola, which is now the nations of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. After subduing the local Indians, the Spanish imported African slaves."

The 1521 Santo Domingo Slave Revolt •

The 1521 Santo Domingo Slave Revolt occurred in the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo on the island of Hispaniola during that year’s Christmas festivities. It is the earliest recorded slave revolt in the Americas. Just days after the revolt occurred, a new set of laws … Read MoreThe 1521 Santo...

www.blackpast.org

And you do realize Ethiopia used to describe a large portion of Africa. And irrc all of Africa may have been called Ethiopia at one point.

"The terms Aethiops, Ethiop, or Ethiope are archaic words for a dark-skinned person. It may refer to: Aethiopia, an ancient term for parts of Africa. Æthiops mineral, a form of cinnabar."

If I realize? So, now you are going to teach about history and how the modern human taxonomy was introduced? lol

The Greek name Aithiopia (Αἰθιοπία, from Αἰθίοψ, Aithiops, 'an Ethiopian') is a compound derived of two Greek words: αἴθω (aitho, 'I burn') + ὤψ.

Αἰθιοπία - Wiktionary

Αἰθίοψ - Wiktionary

ὤψ - Wiktionary

Description
Herodotus' world map
Date ca. 440 BCE
Herodotus' world map - Livius

"The place name, Aithiopia, can denote the upper Nile region just to the south of Egypt plus the Sahara and areas beyond. (Herodotus reserves the term Aithiopia for sub-Saharan Africa.)"
https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/6537.1-early-greek-contact-with-africa

Prof. Dr. Nell Irvin Painter (Princeton): Five skulls that made human taxonomy

Talk given at the international symposium "Johann Friedrich Blumenbach and the Culture of Science in Europe around 1800" in Göttingen, April 23rd/24th 2015.



This is what a modern Amerindian looks like, without admixture.

And no,@Dafunkdoc_Unlimited is correct,they would not have been called Ethiopians because they were in a completely different location,different language etc. But in your own source it describes that there were black natives who they described as "like the Ethiope" of whats now known as Africa. Just need to be clear that when they said Ethiopians they arent refering to whats known as Ethiopia today or those people specefically. They are speaking generally,describing them as like the dark skinned people of Africa.

He did not call them Ethiopians, he referred to the dark complexion of Ethiopians, because they had dark complexion as well, but they looked different. Let's review the text once more how he details them.

"They go completely naked except that around their loins they wear skins of small animals like martens, with a narrow belt of grass around the body, to which they tie various tails of other animals which hang down to the knees; the rest of the body is bare, and so is the head. Some of them wear garlands of birds’ feathers. They are dark in color, not unlike the Ethiopians, with thick black hair, not very long, tied back behind the head like a small tail."
The Written Record of the Voyage of 1524 of Giovanni da Verrazano as recorded in a letter to Francis I, King of France, July 8th, 1524

It's exactly that...

 

[Ish Gibor]

But at least you finally went on record and made my point. You actually have no argument against me,you are arguing with a contigent of people I dont align myself with. I dont listen to that dude from youtube you posted. You agree with me there were black natives. How many there were I have absolutely no idea.

Yes, I looked for a record that disputes you. I have a lot of valid arguments against you as I have posted previously. The problem is that you don't know how to interpret that information. Nor can you back it up with anything scientific. All you have is cartoons and texts that are misinterpreted.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078639

Past 1502 all slaves were reffered to as "negro"/black. So any black natives captured wouldve simply been negros and grouped in with the Ethiopes s.k.a Africans.

I have no source for that, but I do know that these people looked and look like. I also know that their gene pool is like.

"These hispanized blacks (ladinos) spoke the language of Christopher Columbus, Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro; the continental Africans (bozales) who later came to the New World would ensure that Spain’s ideological and political economy agendas were carried out. These two groups of Africans can be identified as the ancestors of today’s Afro-Colombian population."
Ladinos and Bozales: A Brief Early History of Africans in Colombia: 1500-1800 •

"Of these enslaved people, only thirty-three were considered ladino, or conversant in Castilian language (and culture). By contrast, forty-six slaves were classified as bozales, the term used to identify African slaves who had recently arrived from their homelands and had little understanding of Spanish society.Footnote 76 Another five were labeled “between bozal and ladino” as if to recognize their increasing, but still limited, familiarity with the colonial scenario. No further information was available for the remainder of the slaves sold in the city, but considering the timeframe, it is safe to say that a majority of them would have been recent African arrivals."

Early Puebla and the Question of Labor, 1531–1570 (Chapter 1) - Urban Slavery in Colonial Mexico

Urban Slavery in Colonial Mexico - April 2018

www.cambridge.org

"In the case of Jamaica, these foundations were laid during the island’s Spanish era. Research by Carla Pestana has shown that by the time of the English invasion in 1655, “most African-descended peoples” in Jamaica “were ladinos,” who “had become acculturated, especially mastering the Spanish language” (Pestana 2017:146–47)."

Rethinking the Historical Development of Caribbean Performance Culture from an Afro-Iberian Perspective

Abstract This article advocates for a new perspective on Caribbean performance traditions by adopting an Afro-Iberian perspective. It argues that we are able to acquire a better understanding of the historical development of some of the most enigmatic Caribbean performances, including Jankunu...

brill.com

"During the early seventeenth century, criollos were not merely American-born individuals, but generally people of African descent who hailed from any part of the rapidly expanding Spanish and Portuguese empires. Thus, I also challenge some accepted ideas regarding concepts like criollo and ladino throughout this study."
Pablo M. Sierra, UCLA, Urban Slavery in Colonial Puebla de los Ángeles, 1536-1708

"Hispanicized black (ladinos) of Moorish descent were expelled from Spain and brought to Puerto Rico by the Spaniards in the early 1500s. Large numbers of enslaved black Africans were introduced to the island after 1519, mostly from several West African tribal regions."
Dr. Edna Acosta-Belen, Distinguished Professor in the Departments f Latin American, Caribbean, and U.S. Latino Studies (LACS) and Women's Studies at the University at Albany

"Spaniards referred to these blacks and mulattoes as either criollos (creoles) or ladinos"
María Elena Martínez | The Black Blood of New Spain: Limpieza de Sangre, Racial Violence, and Gendered Power in Early Colonial Mexico | The William and Mary Quarterly, 61.3 | The History Cooperative (http://www.historycooperative.org)

So the argument of "wheres all the dna" isnt a good argument at all. Since I never once stated the majority of African Americans arent of African descent.

That's an oxymoron. Btw, many of your chiefs have stated that African Americans aren't of African descent. You for what I know are merely a peasant.

@HarlemHottie was right 3 pages ago "who the hell are yall arguing with"? Yall just assumed my stance based off the people yall listen to on youtube. And picked a fight with ghost basically,yet still managed to lose somehow.

I am having fun debunking the crap out of ABOS pseudo intellectuals.

I am losing, while posting that 1 in 13 Black American babies has sickle cell. A trait that comes directly from Africa. Yet, you have not been able to explain why there's no traits of Denisovans in Black Americans?

You haven't been able to dispute anything I have posted pertains the Biology of Black Americans. lol

Historia natural y moral de las Indias: en que se tratan las cosas notables del cielo, y elementos, metales, plantas y animales dellas y los ritos y ceremonias, leyes y gouierno y guerras de los Indios / compuesta por el Padre Ioseph de Acosta ...

Historia natural y moral de las Indias: en que se tratan las cosas notables del cielo, y elementos, metales, plantas y animales dellas y los ritos y ceremonias, leyes y gouierno y guerras de los Indios. Reproducció digital de l'edició En Barcelona, a costa de Lelio marini ..., 1591. -- 345...

www.cervantesvirtual.com

The Indian races of North and South America : comprising an account of the principal aboriginal races, a description of their national customs, mythology, and religious ceremonies, the history of their most powerful tribes, and of their most celebrat

720 (i.e. 640) p., [40] leaves of plates : 23 cm

archive.org

Because the fact remains #WeWereAlreadyHere.

Still no actually solid evidence, but you can put it in your Kool Aid

You all have admitted this to a degree now. You just dont agree it was a small portion in comparison to Africans. So basically you all agree with me and I humbly accept your apologies#IRestMyCase

It's good you are resting your case, because in academia you get laughed out of the building, and or removed from the facility. After that you're probably will be deported to a mental facility.

Ancient DNA confirms Native Americans' deep roots in North and South America

 

[Still Benefited]

I understand you are slow, so I will try to explain it again. Young Dro is whatever this guy's name is. He is of the same genetic root as Black Americans. The difference is the admixture. If Young Dro does a genetic test, his sequence will look somewhat similar as other Black Americans.

As a matter of fact, Jan Rodrigues: The 1st Black Man to Set Foot on the Island of Manhattan. lol

"Santo Domingo was the site of the first major rebellion by African slaves in the Americas, in 1522, on a plantation owned by Gov. Diego Colón, as the son of Christopher Columbus was known in Spain. Ninety years later, Spain had come to view its Caribbean possessions as something of a backwater—Santo Domingo lacked the gold and silver that made Mexico and Peru more profitable for Spanish colonists."

Jan Rodrigues: The 1st Black Man to Set Foot on the Island of Manhattan

In 1613, seven years before the Pilgrims landed in Plymouth, and six years before a Dutch vessel sold 20 Africans to the Virginia colonists at Jamestown, a black man named Jan Rodrigues was the first non-Native American to settle and trade on what is now Manhattan Island.

www.theroot.com

"Few people realise that the Dominican Republic was home to the first black people in the Americas, who were initially brought here from present-day Senegal and The Gambia in the 1490s by Christopher Columbus."

Santo Domingo: The city that kept slavery silent

The Dominican Republic was home to the first black people in the Americas. So why has Europe’s oldest permanent settlement in the Americas turned its back on its African past?

www.bbc.com

"The 1521 Santo Domingo Slave Revolt occurred in the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo on the island of Hispaniola during that year’s Christmas festivities. It is the earliest recorded slave revolt in the Americas. Just days after the revolt occurred, a new set of laws were created to prevent future rebellions. These are believed to be the earliest laws created to control enslaved Africans in the New World.

During the early 1520s, 30 years after Christopher Columbus first arrived in the Americas. the Spanish controlled the island of Hispaniola, which is now the nations of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. After subduing the local Indians, the Spanish imported African slaves."

The 1521 Santo Domingo Slave Revolt •

The 1521 Santo Domingo Slave Revolt occurred in the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo on the island of Hispaniola during that year’s Christmas festivities. It is the earliest recorded slave revolt in the Americas. Just days after the revolt occurred, a new set of laws … Read MoreThe 1521 Santo...

www.blackpast.org

If I realize? So, now you are going to teach about history and how the modern human taxonomy was introduced? lol

The Greek name Aithiopia (Αἰθιοπία, from Αἰθίοψ, Aithiops, 'an Ethiopian') is a compound derived of two Greek words: αἴθω (aitho, 'I burn') + ὤψ.

Αἰθιοπία - Wiktionary

Αἰθίοψ - Wiktionary

ὤψ - Wiktionary

Description
Herodotus' world map
Date ca. 440 BCE
Herodotus' world map - Livius

"The place name, Aithiopia, can denote the upper Nile region just to the south of Egypt plus the Sahara and areas beyond. (Herodotus reserves the term Aithiopia for sub-Saharan Africa.)"
https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/6537.1-early-greek-contact-with-africa

Prof. Dr. Nell Irvin Painter (Princeton): Five skulls that made human taxonomy

Talk given at the international symposium "Johann Friedrich Blumenbach and the Culture of Science in Europe around 1800" in Göttingen, April 23rd/24th 2015.



This is what a modern Amerindian looks like, without admixture.

He did not call them Ethiopians, he referred to the dark complexion of Ethiopians, because they had dark complexion as well, but they looked different. Let's review the text once more how he details them.

"They go completely naked except that around their loins they wear skins of small animals like martens, with a narrow belt of grass around the body, to which they tie various tails of other animals which hang down to the knees; the rest of the body is bare, and so is the head. Some of them wear garlands of birds’ feathers. They are dark in color, not unlike the Ethiopians, with thick black hair, not very long, tied back behind the head like a small tail."
The Written Record of the Voyage of 1524 of Giovanni da Verrazano as recorded in a letter to Francis I, King of France, July 8th, 1524

It's exactly that...

Yes, I looked for a record that disputes you. I have a lot of valid arguments against you as I have posted previously. The problem is that you don't know how to interpret that information. Nor can you back it up with anything scientific. All you have is cartoons and texts that are misinterpreted.


I have no source for that, but I do know that these people looked and look like. I also know that their gene pool is like.


That's an oxymoron. Btw, many of your chiefs have stated that African Americans aren't of African descent. You for what I know are merely a peasant.


I am having fun debunking the crap out of ABOS.


It's good you are resting your case, because in academia you get laughed out of the building, and or removed from the facility. After that you probably deported to a mental facility.

I didnt say he called them Ethiopians,you said he wouldve called them Ethiopians if they looked like Ethiopians. I educated you on why he wouldnt have called them ethiopians,but why he did describe them as looking like the ethiopes he encountered in Africa. Since you finally caved and admitted there were black natives. Now you want to force me to be apart of "ABDOS" that I never heard of. Because the only way you can make my argument wrong. Is by forcing my argument to be one that I never made in the first place. You already provided evidence of "black" natives. The indians themselves gave account to Bartolomé de Las Casas of a black people


"the Lord pleasing, to the west, and from there would go to this Española, in which route he would prove the theory of the King John aforesaid; and that he thought to investigate the report of the Indians of this Española who said that there had come to Española from the south and south-east, a black people who have the tops of their spears made of a metal which they call guanin, of which he had sent samples to the Sovereigns to have them assayed, when it was found that of 32 parts, 18 were of gold, 6 of silver and 8 of copper."


Some people use this as evidence of Moors. Im only using it as evidence of black natives.
Like I said,your done,you admitted what I wanted you too,pack it up. We can continue to dialogue after you send a humble apology for your disrespect. And are ready to talk how you would talk if we were in person talking about history,and getting punched in the mouth was a strong possibility

 

[Ish Gibor]

I didnt say he called them Ethiopians,you said he wouldve called them Ethiopians if they looked like Ethiopians.

I said what he said, as in reference to the skin completion of Native Americans. Yes, Native Americans can be dark skin as well.
1) They are dark in color,
2) not unlike the Ethiopians, (means not like them).
3) with thick black hair,
4) not very long,
5) tied back behind the head like a small tail.".

Osage Tribe in Jackson County — JCHS

www.jchs.org

American Indians in Kansas - Kansas Historical Society

Kansas Historical Society

www.kshs.org

I educated you on why he wouldnt have called them ethiopians,but why he did describe them as looking like the ethiopes he encountered in Africa.

You are insane, if you think you have been teaching me anything here? You have a comprehension disability. He didn't say that he encountered the same type of people, he said that those people in America had dark skin, but their hair texture was different: . These people only recently started to discover the world around them. They didn't know a lot about many different populations, as we know now.

Αἰθίοψ , οπος, ὁ, fem. Αἰθιοπίς , ίδος, ἡ （Αἰθίοψ as fem., A.Fr.328, 329): pl.
A. “Αἰθιοπῆες” Il.1.423, whence nom. “Αἰθιοπεύς” Call.Del.208: (αἴθω, ὄψ):—properly, Burnt-face, i.e. Ethiopian, negro, Hom., etc.; prov., Αἰθίοπα σμήχειν 'to wash a blackamoor white', Luc.Ind. 28.
2. a fish, Agatharch.109.
II. Adj., Ethiopian, “Αἰθιοπὶς γλῶσσα” Hdt.3.19; “γῆ” A.Fr.300, E.Fr.228.4: Subst. Αἰθιοπίς, ἡ, title of Epic poem in the Homeric cycle; also name of a plant, silver sage, Salvia argentea, Dsc.4.104:— also Αἰθιόπιος , α, ον, E.Fr.349: Αἰθιοπικός , ή, όν, Hdt., etc.; Αἰ. κύμινον, = ἄμι, Hp.Morb.3.17, Dsc. 3.62:—Subst. Αἰθιοπία , ἡ, Hdt., etc.
2. red-brown, AP7.196 (Mel.), cf. Ach. Tat.4.5.
https://logeion.uchicago.edu/Αἰθίοψ

Since you finally caved and admitted there were black natives. Now you want to force me to be apart of "ABDOS" that I never heard of. Because the only way you can make my argument wrong. Is by forcing my argument to be one that I never made in the first place. You already provided evidence of "black" natives. The indians themselves gave account to Bartolomé de Las Casas of a black people

Where did I state that there were "black natives"? I stated and showed you that Amerindians populations can have dark skin as well. This is the part that confuses you. lol

I showed you the gene pool of these people and I showed you the gene pool you have. lol

In your head, everyone with dark skin is Black and of the same population?

“Although the lineage containing this haplotype must have originated in Africa, C3 is rare in Africa (1.0% in MKK) but widely distributed in East Asia, the New World, and Oceania.
[...]
Frequencies display strong population differentiation, with the derived light skin pigmentation allele (A111T) fixed or nearly so in all European populations and the ancestral allele predominant in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia (Lamason et al. 2005; Norton et al. 2007).
[...]
Phased haplotypes were retrieved from HapMap, Release 21. For phylogenetic analysis, graphs were drawn by the use of a simple nearest-neighbor approach and rooted by the use of ancestral alleles determined by comparison with other primate sequences.
[...]
"Of the remaining 10 common core haplotype groups, all ancestral at rs1426654, eight clearly have their origins in Africa (Figure 3B, Figure 4, and Table S4). Three early diverging haplotypes, C1, C2, and C4, are rare outside of Africa and clearly originated there."

"In the lineage containing the majority of haplotypes, each of the three branches, containing C5, C6-C7, and C8-C11, give strong evidence of having originated in Africa. C5 reaches its greatest abundance in West Africa and is rare outside of Africa. Within the other two branches, C6 and C9, which are the most common haplotypes in Africa, are also common worldwide, whereas C7 is abundant in East Asia and much less common but widespread in Africa. "

Molecular phylogeography of a human autosomal skin color locus under natural selection - PubMed

Divergent natural selection caused by differences in solar exposure has resulted in distinctive variations in skin color between human populations. The derived light skin color allele of the SLC24A5 gene, A111T, predominates in populations of Western Eurasian ancestry. To gain insight into when...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Nobody in the field of science takes anything you say seriously. lol

"the Lord pleasing, to the west, and from there would go to this Española, in which route he would prove the theory of the King John aforesaid; and that he thought to investigate the report of the Indians of this Española who said that there had come to Española from the south and south-east, a black people who have the tops of their spears made of a metal which they call guanin, of which he had sent samples to the Sovereigns to have them assayed, when it was found that of 32 parts, 18 were of gold, 6 of silver and 8 of copper."

I have heard of this before, but never actually see the actual source. Had you paid attention, you'd know that I posted this earlier on in this thread.

Btw, I gave you sources of the Ladinos. I bet you are clueless about them.

Some people use this as evidence of Moors. Im only using it as evidence of black natives.
Like I said,your done,you admitted what I wanted you too,pack it up. We can continue to dialogue after you send a humble apology for your disrespect. And are ready to talk how you would talk if we were in person talking about history,and getting punched in the mouth was a strong possibility

So now you want to go into the Moors? lol

There is no solid evidence for any of this. It's based on hearsay and has not been backed up by any solid anthropological evidence. I used to think and believe this stuff as well. You are always a few steps behind.

You have no clue how to do actual scientific methodology. Showing some texts, that you misinterpreted is not peer reviewed science. You don't even know the ethnicities of ancient Americas. lol You base your interpretation on images and some mislabeled texts.

This is the people they talked about.

"Our results identified 432 variants in total, with only 45 remaining after our selection criteria. Table 1 shows those 45 variants with their respective allele frequencies in the Amerindian, Continental and Brazilian populations. The chromosomal position, the mutant allele (variant), the wild allele (reference) and the gene are also described in the table. When analyzing the frequencies quantitatively, the Indigenous population (NAT) was more similar to the Latin American population (AMR) in most of the markers described. On the other hand, the African population (AFR) had the most different allele frequencies from the NAT population in the data below. Regarding the southeast Brazil population, represented by ABraOM data, 14 single nucleotide variants (SNV) stand out with significantly different frequency when compared to the Amazonian Amerindian population (rs4883537, rs4883538, rs4883543, rs5744750, rs4883544, rs4883613 and rs4883555, of the POLE gene; rs2072267l, rs2307433 and rs2307438 from POLG gene; rs3218636, rs3218651 and rs61757738 from POLQ gene; rs11376056 from REV3L gene)."

Characterization of DNA Polymerase Genes in Amazonian Amerindian Populations

Due to their continuing geographic isolation, the Amerindian populations of the Brazilian Amazon present a different genetic profile when compared to other continental populations. Few studies have investigated genetic variants present in these populations, especially in the context of...

www.mdpi.com

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.362.6415.627

A Genetic Chronicle of the First Peoples in the Americas

In a new book, an anthropological geneticist writes a 36,000-year history of how ancient peoples migrated into North and South America.

www.sapiens.org

 

[Geordi]

He's trying to claim dark skinned Indians and Asians as black people too?

 

[Ish Gibor]

He's trying to claim dark skinned Indians and Asians as black people too?

I had to look up who this Young Dro is. That tells in what world he lives. The guy is young, probably a juvenile or young adolescent. It shows what this social media influence can do to the mind of his generation.

 

[Ish Gibor]

They wouldn't be 'mistaken' to be African since they weren't in Africa, just like they didn't 'mistake' Continental Indians to be African.

1) They are dark in color,
2) not unlike the Ethiopians, (means not like them).
3) with thick black hair, (this pertains the thickness of the hair fociles).
4) not very long,
5) tied back behind the head like a small tail.".

“We’ve blogged about EDAR before; Could it be hair form?, EDAR controls hair thickness and EDAR and hair thickness. The story here is simple, before the populations ancestral to the Native Americans had left eastern Asia a mutation on the EDAR gene swept nearly to fixation among these populations. The derived SNP in particular is correlated with the thicker hair typical of East Asians and Native Americans.”

Positive selection on EDAR, why East Asians & Native Americans have thick hair

Positive Selection in East Asians for an EDAR Allele that Enhances NF-κB Activation:Genome-wide scans for positive selection in humans provide a promising approach to establish links between …

www.gnxp.com

“Most people of East Asian descent have thick, straight hair. This corresponds with a SNP (rs3827760) in the EDAR gene which is involved in hair follicle development. The ancestral allele of this SNP is the A-allele. The G-allele is the newly derived allele that leads to the thick, straight hair. In certain parts of Asia, almost all people have the G-allele (see Fig.1B). People with the GG genotype at this SNP have thicker hair compared to those with the AA genotype due to the modification of a single amino acid in the protein. Those with the AG genotype have hair slightly thinner than those with GG, but still thick when compared to Europeans and Africans (likely AA) [2, 3].

A recent genome wide association scan has found a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) called rs11803731 in the TCHH gene which accounts for about 6% of hair curliness. The TCHH gene encodes a protein called trichohyalin, which is known to be expressed at high levels in hair follicles and has been shown to be involved in the cross-linking of the keratin filaments found in hair. The ANCESTRAL allele of this SNP (the A-allele) is present in the worldwide population. Sometime during human history, a mutation lead to the emergence of the T-allele (called the derived allele in Fig. 1A). The T-allele causes an amino acid to change from leucine to methionine at position 790 of the TCHH gene.”

The adaptive variant EDARV370A is associated with straight hair in East Asians - PubMed

Hair straightness/curliness is a highly heritable trait amongst human populations. Previous studies have reported European specific genetic variants influencing hair straightness, but those in East Asians remain unknown. One promising candidate is a derived coding variant of the ectodysplasin A...

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Furthermore:

“Shovel shape of upper incisors is a common characteristic in Asian and Native American populations but is rare or absent in African and European populations. Like other common dental traits, genetic polymorphisms involved in the tooth shoveling have not yet been clarified. In ectodysplasin A receptor (EDAR), where dysfunctional mutations cause hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia, there is a nonsynonymous-derived variant, 1540C (rs3827760), that has a geographic distribution similar to that of the tooth shoveling. This allele has been recently reported to be associated with Asian-specific hair thickness.”
[…]
In Asian and Asia-derived populations, dental variations have often been described as “Sinodonty” and “Sundadonty.” Sinodonty, common among East Asian and Native American populations, is a combination of dental characteristics that relatively often include upper first and second incisors (UI1 and UI2) that are shovel-shaped and not aligned with the other teeth, upper first premolars (UP1) with one root, and lower first molars (LM1) with three roots”

A Common Variation in EDAR Is a Genetic Determinant of Shovel-Shaped Incisors - PMC

Shovel shape of upper incisors is a common characteristic in Asian and Native American populations but is rare or absent in African and European populations. Like other common dental traits, genetic polymorphisms involved in the tooth shoveling have ...

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

 

[Paradoxx]

Besides all the asinine bullshyt taking place in this thread, this is a beautiful story which makes the background all the more terrifying and bleak.

 

[The Wall Is Undefeated!]

@Ish Geber is taking no prisoners in this thread.

@Ish Geber:
I agree with what you say. However, I would suggest a level of caution when it comes to environment-adapted body proportions and limb ratio (tropical vs cold vs whatever). Body proportion and limb ratios are much more malleable than we think and don't always fall neatly with the environment.
An example. Central African hunter-gatherers (pygmies) live in a tropical climate yet they have short legs even when you account for their height.
I also noticed that a number of West Africans that come from the Guinean Forests of West Africa area (Liberia to Nigeria) don't have long legs.

 

[Yagirlcheatinonus]

You’re disrespecting your ancestors who suffered through shyt like this so that your ungrateful ass can be here today.

You don’t wanna identify with Africa? Cool. But don’t disown your ancestors.

well i agree but we was there and it was black/brown people here too.