Conclusions
“We have shown that under testosterone suppression regimes typically used in clinical settings, and which comfortably exceed the requirements of sports federations for inclusion of transgender women in female sports categories by reducing testosterone levels to well below the upper tolerated limit, evidence for loss of the male performance advantage, established by testosterone at puberty and translating in elite athletes to a 10–50% performance advantage, is lacking. Rather, the data show that strength, lean body mass, muscle size and bone density are only trivially affected. The reductions observed in muscle mass, size, and strength are very small compared to the baseline differences between males and females in these variables, and thus, there are major performance and safety implications in sports where these attributes are competitively significant. These data significantly undermine the delivery of fairness and safety presumed by the criteria set out in transgender inclusion policies, particularly given the stated prioritization of fairness as an overriding objective (for the IOC). If those policies are intended to preserve fairness, inclusion and the safety of biologically female athletes, sporting organizations may need to reassess their policies regarding inclusion of transgender women.”
(Steve McMillan, Roger Olney, 199–214(2021), Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage)
“
Male skeletal muscles are generally faster and have higher maximum power output than female muscles. Conversely, during repeated contractions, female muscles are generally more fatigue resistant and recover faster. We studied the role of estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) in this gender difference by comparing contractile function of soleus (mainly slow-twitch) and extensor digitorum longus (fast-twitch) muscles isolated from ERβ-deficient (ERβ−/−) and wild-type mice of both sexes. Results showed generally shorter contraction and relaxation times in male compared with female muscles, and ERβ deficiency had no effect on this. Fatigue (induced by repeated tetanic contractions) and recovery of female muscles were not affected by ERβ deficiency.”
(Birgitta Glenmark et al., Published Online:01 DEC 2004, Difference in skeletal muscle function in males vs. females: role of estrogen receptor-β, Journals.physiology.org)
“Strength and muscle characteristics were examined in biceps brachii and vastus lateralis of eight men and eight women. Measurements included motor unit number, size and activation and voluntary strength of the elbow flexors and knee extensors. Fiber areas and type were determined from needle biopsies and muscle areas by computerized tomographical scanning.
The women were approximately 52% and 66% as strong as the men in the upper and lower body respectively. The men were also stronger relative to lean body mass. A significant correlation was found between strength and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA; P < or = 0.05). The women had 45, 41, 30 and 25% smaller muscle CSAs for the biceps brachii, total elbow flexors, vastus lateralis and total knee extensors respectively. The men had significantly larger type I fiber areas (4597 vs 3483 microns2) and mean fiber areas (6632 vs 3963 microns2) than the women in biceps brachii and significantly larger type II fiber areas (7700 vs 4040 microns2) and mean fiber areas (7070 vs 4290 microns2) in vastus lateralis.”
(A E Miller et al. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1993,Gender differences in strength and muscle fiber characteristics - PubMed)
.......FYI this is a sarcastic comment
trans women are the same as biological women
The Devil never takes a day off