As a nation, Jamaica is the most influential music nation outside of the USA

[IllmaticDelta]

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Timothy Thomas Fortune

"In Chicago on January 25, 1890 Fortune co-founded the militant National Afro-American League to right wrongs against African Americans authorized by law and sanctioned or tolerated by public opinion. The league fell apart after four years. When it was revived in Rochester, New York on September 15, 1898, it had the new name of the "National Afro-American Council", with Fortune as President. • The National Afro-American Council - the first nationwide civil rights organization in the United States. • Provided a training ground for some of the nation’s most famous civil rights leaders in the 1910s, 1920s, and beyond. • The Council lobbied actively for the passage of a federal anti-lynching law and raised funds to finance a court test against the “grandfather clause” in Louisiana. Fortune was also the leading advocate of using Afro-American to identify his people. Since they are "African in origin and American in birth", it was his argument that it most accurately defined them."

Timothy Thomas Fortune - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

why didn't we just rock with that. Way back than

Gertrude Emily Hicks Bustill Mossell (July 3, 1855 – January 21, 1948)

was an African-American author, journalist and teacher.[1]

Her great-grandfather, Cyrus Bustill, served in George Washington's troops as a baker and after the War of Independence, he started a successful bakery in Philadelphia. The elder Bustill also co-founded the first black mutual-aid society in America, the Free African Society. Among the many other Bustills of distinction are Gertrude's great-aunt, abolitionist and educator Grace Bustill Douglass and her daughter Sarah Mapps Douglass, who followed in her mother's footsteps.

After an early career contributing articles to Philadelphia newspapers, she became women's editor of the New York Age from 1885 to 1889, and of the Indianapolis World from 1891 to 1892. She strongly supported the development of black newspapers, and encouraged more women to enter journalism.

Gertrude Bustill was managing a career and a family life: in 1893 she married a leading Philadelphia physician, Nathan Francis Mossell, with whom she had two daughters. Around the time of her wedding, Mossell was working on an important little book: The Work of the Afro-American Woman (1894), which is a collection of essays and poems that recognized the achievements of black women in a range of fields. As scholar Joanne Braxton has pointed out, this book was for the black woman of the 1890s what Paula Giddings's When and Where I Enter was for the black woman of the 1980s.

As a woman with such strong feminist views, people found it odd that Gertrude published the book under her husband's initials. Braxton offers the following explanation: "By this strategy of public modesty, the author signaled her intention to defend and celebrate black womanhood without disrupting the delicate balance of black male-female relations or challenging masculine authority."

The year after The Work of the Afro-American Woman came out, Gertrude Bustill Mossell was busy helping her husband with the Frederick Douglass Memorial Hospital and Training School, which opened in 1895: she headed up the fundraising drive, raising $30,000, and went on to serve as president of its Social Service Auxiliary. Her other civic activities included organizing the Philadelphia branch of the National Afro-American Council. The only other book Gertrude Bustill Mossell wrote was a children's book, Little Dansie's One Day at Sabbath School (1902).

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(far right)

Julia Ringwood Coston (1863 - 1931)

Ringwood’s Afro-American Journal of Fashion (1891)

The first fashion magazine for Black women was Ringwood's Afro-American Journal of Fashion in 1891. It is remarkable not only as evidence that the black middle class had advanced sufficiently by the early 1890s to support a fashion magazine, but also for the first appearance in print of the term Afro-American.

The owner of Ringwood's Journal, is not well remembered. There are no books written about who she was and why she did or did not become great. While having begun and edited the first magazine aimed at and written by African American women is an achievement worthy of praise.

Julia Ringwood Coston (1863 - 1931), was born on Ringwood's Farm in Warrenton, Virginia. Her family migrated from their southern plantation home to Washington, D.C., following the Civil War. In Washington, she spent much of her postbellum childhood in school, excelling and enjoying it. Her later childhood was spent as the family breadwinner; she was forced to drop out of school at the age of 13 and work as a governess in the home of a Union general and was eventually able to continue her studies.

In the spring of 1886, she married William Hilary Coston, (1859 - 1942), a noted author and graduate of Wilberforce and Yale Divinity School. He had published, 'A Freeman and Yet a Slave' (1884), a pamphlet of eighty-four pages, and may have broadened her formal education. A longer version of the same book was published in 1888 in Chatham, Ontario, Canada, which may suggest they lived there at one time.

In 1899 her husband published, 'The Spanish-American War Volunteer; Ninth United States Volunteer Infantry Roster, Biographies, Cuban Sketches.' He also wrote a pamphlet, 'The Betrayal of the American Negroes as Citizens, as Soldiers and Sailors by the Republican Party in Deference to the People of the Philippine Islands.'

The Costons settled in Cleveland, Ohio, where her husband became the pastor of Saint Andrew's Church and Julia Coston began publishing Ringwood's Afro-American Journal of Fashion, also known as Ringwood's Home Magazine using her maiden name.

The Lynchburg Counselor says, "It is a beautiful 12-page journal, and the only publication of its kind on the market. Every colored woman in America should read it." The Philadelphia Recorder observed, "It is especially designed to be an Afro-American magazine, and is edited by colored women, but the pleasing fashion articles, instructive talks with girls and mothers, make Ringwood's Magazine a welcome addition to any home, whether its occupants be black or white."

The Richmond Planet emphasized that the 12-page journal, which sold for $1.25 a year, was a "typographical beauty." Edited by women's and civil rights activist Mary Church Terrell.

Julia and her husband had two children, a son and daughter.

Julia Coston died on June 1, 1931, in Washington, D.C., of an apparent heart attack at the age of 68. She is buried in Warrenton, Virginia. Her husband, W.H. Coston died on June 27, 1942 at the age of 82. He is buried in Arlington, Virginia.

In the spring of 1886, Ringwood married William Hilary Coston, a student at Yale University who eventually became a minister and writer. They had two children, a daughter, Julia R. in 1888, and a son, W.H. in 1890. The family settled in Cleveland, Ohio where William Coston was pastor of Saint Andrew’s Episcopal Church. William Coston was especially encouraging of Julia’s writing interests and gave her advice based on his experience as a writer.

In 1891, Julia Coston, realizing that white journals ignored black interests and themes, decided to create her own journal: Ringwood’s Afro-American Journal of Fashion. Concerned with the suffering and hopelessness of black women in the South, she believed that press editorials could be affective in protesting their inhumane treatment. The twelve page journal, which had a yearly subscription fee of $1.25, provided advice on homemaking, etiquette, and fashion.

Ringwood’s Afro-American Journal of Fashion carried illustrations of the latest Paris fashions along with articles, biographical compositions of outstanding black women and promising young ladies, instructive articles for women and their daughters, as well as love stories. At the time, it was the only fashion magazine for blacks in the world.

The journal received tremendous praise from its readers and other noted publications. In 1892, Rev. Theodore Holly, then living in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, wrote that Ringwood’s Afro-American Journal of Fashion was already the leading magazine in that nation while the Philadelphia Recorder declared the magazine a welcome addition to any home, white or black. Victoria Earle (later Matthews), a black New York society leader, wrote that the magazine was a major source for instruction and guidance in home organization.

 

[JohnB]

DELETE

 

[IllmaticDelta]

This is why there is a distinction between Mexicans and Mexican-Americans..Jamaicans and Jamaican-Americans. USA is basically the America even though Mexico and Jamaica are in the Americas.

 

[IllmaticDelta]

There is no difference between us. Other than where the boat stopped. And which european was our master based on the location. Lol.

There is no difference in our origins....the cultures and traditions are clearly distinguishable though. Depending on what European was your master, certain clusters will have more in common.

 

[Juneya]

There is no difference in our origins....the cultures and traditions are clearly distinguishable though. Depending on what European was your master, certain clusters will have more in common.

I agree for the most part... Location is a factor too.
Slaves from NO dont talk and act like Slaves from ATL.

 

[Juneya]

The term aa was meant for the descendants of American slavery. If an African brought to Jamaica,is jamaican. Than the Africans brought to America are african American. Being aa is not simply any black person born in America. There's a history to it

How? Jamaica is just the name of the place where they took the african.

But jamaica was a british colony, just like America. We shared slave masters.

African American is the term generally given to blacks in the united states, simply because the blacks in the united states were located in the united states. Because they were located in the united states, they had a public forum and the struggle here is more visible.

But africans in the Americans, are a group of people. Everything else you talking is willie lynch shyt. Imaginary lines and different languages to seperate us and stop uprisings.

Jamaicans are delusional. They are not a special type of black people. They are just black people

 

[Juneya]

"AfroAmericans" the ethnicity

Use of ‘African-American’ Dates to Nation’s Early Days



http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/21/arts/use-of-african-american-dates-to-nations-early-days.html?_r=0

Lmfaooooo
Bruh WHAT THE fukk DID THIS PROVE!!!
Lmfaooo
Cant believe you made me read all that like you was making a point! Lmaooo

 

[Juneya]

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Timothy Thomas Fortune




Timothy Thomas Fortune - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Gertrude Emily Hicks Bustill Mossell (July 3, 1855 – January 21, 1948)





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(far right)

Julia Ringwood Coston (1863 - 1931)

Ringwood’s Afro-American Journal of Fashion (1891)

Lmfaoo
And here you are offering proof to the orgins of the word? And your telling me the orgins of the word "African American" are from black people?

You have offered information, most of irrelevant, but none of it a fact that proves your point.


My facts:
America isnt just made up of the united states. Fact.
Its called the united states OF AMERICA. As in part of an greater whole. Fact.
African slaves where brought here. And assimilated african culture in their new AMERICAN location. Fact.

Again. USA blacks voice is heard throughout history. Even before the USA black acknowledge the extent of slavery elsewhere in the AMERICAS. Our brothers in cuba, haiti, brazil, etc have been oppressed much longer than us. You posting United States history shows this.

Slvery existed before the United staes existed in the Americas. Fact.
Slavery existed longer everywhere in the Americas than it did in the USA. Fact.
There are EXPONENTIALLY MORE slaves everywhere else. There are EXPONENTIALLY MORE African Americans outside of the united states. Lol.

 

[IllmaticDelta]

Lmfaooooo
Bruh WHAT THE fukk DID THIS PROVE!!!
Lmfaooo
Cant believe you made me read all that like you was making a point! Lmaooo

If you can't see the point I can't help you AfroAmerican ethnicity of mainland USA vs Afro Descendants of the AMERICAS.

 

[Juneya]

If you can't see the point I can't help you AfroAmerican ethnicity of mainland USA vs Afro Descendants of the AMERICAS.

Lol. Bruh. what are you saying. That because a nikka was allowed to learn and call himself African American, he is the only African American?!

Again bruh. Slavery and africans existed in the Americas before there was an united states in America. New orleans was owned by three european countries. Being an African American has little to do with the technicality of being freed first and allowed to write books lol

 

[IllmaticDelta]

Lmfaoo
And here you are offering proof to the orgins of the word? And your telling me the orgins of the word "African American" are from black people?

You have offered information, most of irrelevant, but none of it a fact that proves your point.


My facts:
America isnt just made up of the united states. Fact.
Its called the united states OF AMERICA. As in part of an greater whole. Fact.
African slaves where brought here. And assimilated african culture in their new AMERICAN location. Fact.

Again. USA blacks voice is heard throughout history. Even before the USA black acknowledge the extent of slavery elsewhere in the AMERICAS. Our brothers in cuba, haiti, brazil, etc have been oppressed much longer than us. You posting United States history shows this.

Slvery existed before the United staes existed in the Americas. Fact.
Slavery existed longer everywhere in the Americas than it did in the USA. Fact.
There are EXPONENTIALLY MORE slaves everywhere else. There are EXPONENTIALLY MORE African Americans outside of the united states. Lol.

See above.

 

[IllmaticDelta]

Lol. Bruh. what are you saying. That because a nikka was allowed to learn and call himself African American, he is the only African American?!

Again bruh. Slavery and africans existed in the Americas before there was an united states in America. New orleans was owned by three european countries. Being an African American has little to do with the technicality of being freed first and allowed to write books lol

An ethnic AfroAmerican defined

Origins of African-American Ethnicity or African-American Ethnic Traits


The newly formed Black Yankee ethnicity of the early 1800s differed from today’s African-American ethnicity. Modern African-American ethnic traits come from a post-bellum blending of three cultural streams: the Black Yankee ethnicity of 1830, the slave traditions of the antebellum South, and the free Creole or Mulatto elite traditions of the lower South. Each of the three sources provided elements of the religious, linguistic, and folkloric traditions found in today’s African-American ethnicity.30


Essays on the U.S. Color Line » Blog Archive » The Color Line Created African-American Ethnicity in the North

If you don't fit that criteria, you aren't an ethnic AfroAmerican.

 

[Entrapta310]

Ship manifests bakk then were strange. My great great grandfather and his family are listed as AFRICAN on one manifest and JAMAICAN on the other...
so did they go by LOOKS or ORIGIN??

idk

 

[Juneya]

The USA Black has torally disregarded and ignored the existsnce of slavery beyond the USA borders.

Its part of the systemstic oppression. Willie lynch. Etc.

 

[IllmaticDelta]

African American is the term generally given to blacks in the united states, simply because the blacks in the united states were located in the united states. Because they were located in the united states, they had a public forum and the struggle here is more visible.

Afro-African American is a term created by slave descendants in mainland USA because the USA is seen as thee, America and they were of African descent.

But africans in the Americans, are a group of people.

Other afrodescendants of the Americas are linked to and hyphenated by their country of origin

Jamaicans are delusional. They are not a special type of black people. They are just black people

They are black people of the Americas who aren't ethnic AfroAmericans. Words from a Jamaican woman below


Some Blacks Insist: 'I'm Not African-American'

Joan Morgan, a writer born in Jamaica who moved to New York City as a girl, remembers the first time she publicly corrected someone about the term: at a book signing, when she was introduced as African-American and her family members in the front rows were appalled and hurt.

"That act of calling me African-American completely erased their history and the sacrifice and contributions it took to make me an author," said Morgan, a longtime U.S. citizen who calls herself Black-Caribbean American. (Some insist Black should be capitalized.)

She said people struggle with the fact that black people have multiple ethnicities because it challenges America's original black-white classifications. In her view, forcing everyone into a name meant for descendants of American slaves distorts the nature of the contributions of immigrants like her black countrymen Marcus Garvey and Claude McKay.

Morgan acknowledges that her homeland of Jamaica is populated by the descendants of African slaves. "But I am not African, and Africans are not African-American," she said.

'African American'? 'Black'? How To Identify Is Often A Touchy Question