There is widespread disagreement among scholars on the details of the life of Jesus mentioned in the gospel narratives, and on the meaning of his teachings,
[2] and the only two events subject to "almost universal assent" are that
Jesus was baptized by
John the Baptist and
was crucified by the order of the Roman Prefect Pontius Pilate.
[2][11][54][55]
According to New Testament scholar
James Dunn, nearly all modern scholars consider the
baptism of Jesus and
his crucifixion to be historically certain.
[54] He states that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent" and "rank so high on the 'almost impossible to doubt or deny' scale of historical 'facts' they are obvious starting points for an attempt to clarify the what and why of Jesus' mission."
[54] John P. Meier views the crucifixion of Jesus as historical fact and states that based on the
criterion of embarrassmentChristians would not have invented the painful death of their leader.
[70] The criterion of embarrassment is also used to argue in favor of the historicity of the baptism of Jesus by
John the Baptist as it is a story which the
early Christian Church would have never wanted to invent.
[71][72][73] Based on this criterion, given that John baptised for the remission of
sins, and Jesus was viewed as without sin, the invention of this story would have served no purpose, and would have been an embarrassment given that it positioned John above Jesus.
[71][73][74]
Amy-Jill Levine has summarized the situation by stating that "there is a consensus of sorts on the basic outline of Jesus' life" in that most scholars agree that Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist, and over a period of one to three years debated Jewish authorities on the subject of God, gathered followers, and was crucified by
Roman prefect Pontius Pilate who officiated 26–36 AD.
[75] There is much in dispute as to his previous life, childhood, family and place of residence, of which the
canonical gospels are almost completely silent.
[76][77][78]
Scholars attribute varying levels of certainty to other episodes. Some assume that there are eight elements about Jesus and his followers that can be viewed as historical facts, namely:
[11][79]
- Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist.
- He called disciples.
- He had a controversy at the Temple.
- Jesus was crucified by the Romans near Jerusalem.[11][79]
- Jesus was a Galilean.
- His activities were confined to Galilee and Judea.
- After his death his disciples continued.
- Some of his disciples were persecuted.[11][79]