The Peopling of Africa

The Odum of Ala Igbo

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Nubians are depicted as both black and reddish brown - as Kemetians were. That same reddish-brown colour


Here, an Egyptian Pharaoh is receiving honour from a Nubian leader. Note that they are the same skin tone


Here, a Kemetian Pharaoh is fighting Nubians. Note that some of the Nubians are the same skin tone as he:


King Tutankhamun:


Nubian child today:
 

The Odum of Ala Igbo

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Found some credible info on Madagascar and the origins of its many peoples! Will post it on here sometime in the next two weeks. I'll just state for now that Madagascar is just as African as it is Malayo-Polynesian in terms of its cultural origins. Adding to all of this mixing are the unique conditions of the island!

:ehh:
 

Bawon Samedi

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Have to find the link. So far things have not been published yet. A new study saying that a village/mummies in Lower Egypt during AE times from the third intermediate to Roman times had LESS SSA ancestry than MODERN Egyptians. However that does not explain away the significant Horner ancestry in modern Egyptians today. Since Horners were no enslaved by Egyptians. I'm not gonna post to much because so far things have not been fully explained.

Yeah I take this back. That study was complete shyt only interesting thing is I wonder what the non-SSA African ancestry is...
 

The Odum of Ala Igbo

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Lol they use that dna for any and everything relating with studying africa for whatever reason

Look up the "true Negro" fallacy in social sciences.

Their essentializing of "sub-Saharan Africans" (what they really mean is Black people although Black Africans lived above the present Sahara and in it for THOUSANDS of years) is ridiculous.
 

Bawon Samedi

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I can't believe they used Yoruba DNA to test against Ancient Kemetians. And that they're making such a grand pronouncement after testing from one site.
:ohhh:

Nilotics/Dinkas, Nubians, Horners and other native Northeast Africans would have been BETTER representations for SSA ancestry. They knew what they were doing. But I want to know what the non-SSA North African ancestry(been discussing this on other forums) is. I bet it is Natufian like, BUT in this study they did not even add Berber samples for North African. I bet if you include Berber then the North African ancestry African with no arguments? Why? Because Berber clades like U6 and M1 are NOT found in the Near East.

But anyways this study said themselves that these results most likely aren't representative for all AE and they NEED results for Upper Egyptians where the dynastic culture came from. So I'm really not sweating this study. Plus its in Lower Egypt during the third immediate period to roman period. I thought they found something BIG with this study. I thought they would be SMART enough not to use Yoruba. Guess not...
 

The Odum of Ala Igbo

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Nilotics/Dinkas, Nubians, Horners and other native Northeast Africans would have been BETTER representations for SSA ancestry. They knew what they were doing. But I want to know what the non-SSA North African ancestry(been discussing this on other forums) is. I bet it is Natufian like, BUT in this study they did not even add Berber samples for North African. I bet if you include Berber then the North African ancestry African with no arguments? Why? Because Berber clades like U6 and M1 are NOT found in the Near East.

But anyways this study said themselves that these results most likely aren't representative for all AE and they NEED results for Upper Egyptians where the dynastic culture came from. So I'm really not sweating this study. Plus its in Lower Egypt during the third immediate period to roman period. I thought they found something BIG with this study. I thought they would be SMART enough not to use Yoruba. Guess not...

The agenda is real.
 

The Odum of Ala Igbo

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The Peopling of Madagascar and Africa's Indian Ocean Islands

Figure-114-Madagascar-and-small-Indian-Ocean-islands-Comoros-Mauritius-Reunion.png

  • For a long time, the origins of the earliest human settlers on the island of Madagascar were unknown. DNA studies are now shedding some light on the peopling of Madagascar.
Studies prove people of Madagascar came from Borneo and Africa
Half of the genetic lineages of human inhabitants of Madagascar come from 4500 miles away in Borneo, while the other half derive from East Africa, according to a study published in May by a UK team.

The island of Madagascar, the largest in the Indian Ocean, lies some 250 miles (400 km) from Africa and 4000 miles (6400 km) from Indonesia. Its isolation means that most of its mammals, half of its birds, and most of its plants exist nowhere else on earth. The new findings, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, show that the human inhabitants of Madagascar are similarly unique – amazingly, half of their genetic lineages derive from settlers from the region of Borneo, with the other half from East Africa. Archaeological evidence suggests that this settlement was as recent as 1500 years ago – about the time the Saxons invaded Britain.

“The origins of the language spoken in Madagascar, Malagasy, suggested Indonesian connections, because its closest relative is the Maanyan language, spoken in southern Borneo,” said Dr Matthew Hurles, of the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. “For the first time, we have been able to assign every genetic lineage in the Malagasy population to a likely geographic origin with a high degree of confidence.”

“Malagasy peoples are a roughly 50:50 mix of two ancestral groups: Indonesians and East Africans. It is important to realise that these lineages have intermingled over intervening centuries since settlement, so modern Malagasy have ancestry in both Indonesia and Africa.”

The team, from Cambridge, Oxford and Leicester, used two types of DNA marker to study DNA diversity: Y chromosomes, inherited only through males, and mitochondrial DNA, inherited only through females. They tested how similar the Malagasy were to populations around the Indian Ocean. The set of non-African Y chromosomes found in the Malagasy was much more similar to the set of lineages found in Borneo than in any other population, which demonstrates striking agreement between the genetic and linguistic evidence. Similarly, a ‘Centre of Gravity’ was estimated for every mitochondrial DNA to suggest a likely geographical origin for each. This entails calculating a geographical average of the locations of the best matches within a large database of mitochondrial lineages from around the world.

“The Centres of Gravity fell in the islands of southeast Asia or in sub-Saharan Africa,” explained Dr Peter Forster, from the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, one of the co-authors. “The evidence from these two independent bits of DNA supports the linguistic evidence in suggesting that a migrating population made their way 4500 miles across the Indian Ocean from Borneo.”



The striking mix suggests that there was substantial migration of people from southeast Asia about 2000-1500 years ago – a mirror image of the migrations from that region into the Pacific, to Micronesia and Polynesia, that had occurred about 1000 years earlier. However, unlike the privations suffered by those eastward travellers, the data suggests the early Malagasy population survived the voyage well, because more genetic variation is found in them than is found in the islands of Polynesia. ‘Bottlenecks’ in evolutionary history, where the population is dramatically reduced in number, are a common cause of reduced genetic variation.

Even though the Africa coast is only one-twentieth of the distance to Indonesia, it appears that migrations from Africa may have been more limited, as less of the diversity seen in the source population has survived in Madagascar.

But why, if the population is a 50:50 mix, is the language almost exclusively derived from Indonesia?

“It is a very interesting question, for which we have as yet no certain answer, as to how the African contribution to Malagasy culture, evident in biology and in aspects of economic and material culture, was so largely erased in the realm of language,” commented Professor Robert Dewar, of The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. “This research highlights the differing, and complementary, contributions of biology and linguistics to the understanding of prehistory.”

The population structure in Madagascar is a fascinating snapshot of human history and a testament to the remarkable abilities of early populations to undertake migrations across vast reaches of ocean. It may also be important today for cutting edge medical science.

“There has recently been dramatic progress in the development of experimental and statistical methods appropriate for gene mapping in admixed populations,” said David Goldstein, Wolfson Professor of Genetics, University College London. “To succeed, however, these methods depend on populations with well defined historical admixtures. This work shows provides compelling evidence that the Malagasy are such a population, and again shows the value of careful study of human population structure.”

Our human history is a rich mix of peoples and their movement, of success and failure. Madagascar holds an enriching tale of the ability of humans to survive and to reach new lands.
 
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The Odum of Ala Igbo

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New Study Reveals Complex Origins of the Malagasy - 23andMe Blog
Only 250 miles separates the island of Madagascar from the southeast coast of Africa. The short distance between the two land masses traditionally led the outside world to assume that the native inhabitants of Madagascar – known as the Malagasy – originally came from the west, probably from the present day southeast African nation of Mozambique. Yet upon closer examination of the Malagasy’s language and their physical features, many scholars began to question this notion. The Malagasy of the central plateau of Madagascar, known as the Highlanders, had light skin and facial features more akin to Southeast Asia or Indonesia. They also practiced a rice culture that was not unlike the rice cultures of Asia. And yet the coastal Malagasy, known as the Côtiers, seemed just the opposite. They had darker skin and curly hair that was more similar to modern day Africans.But both the Highlanders and the Côtiers speak the same language, which shares 90% of its vocabulary with a language spoken today in Southeast Borneo, and which has been officially classified as a branch of the Austronesian language family called West Malayo-Polynesian. So how could a significant portion of Malagasy seem to share more in common with a region 5,000 miles away than they do with mainland Africa?

Trying to find the answers to these questions has vexed archaeologists, historians and linguists for generations. Over the past several years, geneticists have entered the fray to try and unravel the mysterious origins of the Malagasy. Their most recent effort appears this week in Molecular Biology and Evolution. This study, led by Sergio Tofanelli of the University of Pisa, built upon a 2005 study by Matt Hurles and colleagues that was the first genetic exploration of the Malagasy people. But Tofanelli and his colleagues wanted to dig even deeper into the genetic history of the Malagasy. So they took the data analyzed by Hurles in addition to new DNA samples that were collected from people across the island of Madagascar.They focused on two regions of the human genome often used in genetic ancestry studies: the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the Y chromosome. Because the mtDNA is used to trace maternal ancestry, and the Y chromosome to trace paternal ancestry, analyzing both in the same study can give a more complete picture of a group’s genetic history.Tofanelli and his research team examined the mtDNA and Y chromosomes of Malagasy individuals scattered across the island, from both the Highlander and Côtiers groups. They were searching for any clues that would give an exhaustive understanding of how and when the island of Madagascar was first settled, and by whom.The researchers’ analysis revealed a mixture of both African and Asian genetic ancestry, in both the Highlanders and the Côtiers, which is perhaps contrary to the two groups’ physical apperance. So what does this mean? That even the Côtiers people, who often look more African in appearance, have an ancestry that traced back to Asia, specifically Borneo. These results fit well with Hurles’ study and with what linguists have been saying for years; that the Malagasy language – while clearly tracing back to Borneo – also has some African elements that are significant.The results from these analyses then begged the next question — how and when did the earliest inhabitants of Madgascar arrive on the island? Was it in two separate migrations – one from the east and one from the west – or did the Asian/African genetic make-up of the Malagasy exist prior to their first steps on Madagascar? It is easy to assume that any intermarriage between Africans and Southeast Asians happened after each arrived on the island. In fact, Tofanelli describes the genetic make-up of the Malagasy as a consequence of “the encounter of people surfing the extreme edges of two of the broadest historical waves of expansion” in human history. He is referring to the sub-Saharan African Bantu expansions that began 5,000 years ago and swept across Africa from Cameroon to Mozambique and southern Africa, and the Austronesian expansions about 4,000 years ago when seafarers journeyed from Taiwan to Borneo and beyond.But Tofanelli proposes an alternative hypothesis as well. He argues for a long history of contact between Bantu-speaking Africans and seafarers from Borneo dating back thousands of years. As evidence he cites banana cultivation in Cameroon and Uganda that can be traced back to Southeast Asia, as well as the introduction of humped cattle into Africa from Asia. If the Southeast Asians and eastern Africans shared farming techniques, it stands to reason that they may have shared genes as well. Thus the people of Madagascar may have not simply been Africans and Southeast Asians arriving on the island from opposite directions, but rather they represent a more complex genetic history of proto-Malagasy arriving on Madagascar about 2,300 years ago, already containing a mixture of Asian and African ancestry.This hypothesis most certainly needs additional evidence and data before it can be supported, but it brings a new level of understanding to the mysterious origins of the Malagasy.
 

The Odum of Ala Igbo

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The Afro-Asian Bio-Technological tool-kit of Madagascar (from UNESCO General History of Africa)
More interesting but perhaps less known is the history of the contacts between Africa and Asia (beyond the Near East) in very early times. Africa gave to Asia a number of domesticated plants. But Africa also received from Asia not only the Near Eastern cultigens (wheats, barleys, and so on) but also plants transmitted from tropical South-East Asia. It does seem very probable that the bananas, the greater ya m (Dioscorea alata L.), the taro (Çolocasia esculenta L . Schott.) and possibly the sugar cane (Saccarum officinarum L.) arrived on African shores perhaps by way of south-western Arabia and East Africa, or perhaps brought in by early navigators landing on the coast of South-East Africa. Som e of these cultivated plants native to Asia, notably the bananas, enabled agriculture to gain an easier foothold in the tropical forest regions of Africa.

A good example of this African-Asian exchange is the case of the sorghums. In Asia, there exist today cultivated sorghums of African origin other than those already mentioned, especially, for example, S. bicolor Moenc h which seems to have originated through crossing cultigens deriving from S. aethiopicum on the one hand and on the other from the wild species S. sudanense. This S. bicolor ma y be linked in particular to the S. dochna Snowd. of India, Arabia and Burma , re-introduced into Africa in more recent times, the 5 . miliforme Snowd. of India recently introduced into Kenya, and the sorghums of East Africa. Yet another cultivated sorghum, S. nervosum Bess., seems related to S. aethiopicum and to 5 . bicolor, and it seems that the sorghums of Burm a and also of China may , with others, be related to it. Without going into the inevitably complex details of this genetic cocktail, w e can simply state that there are plenty of indications of ancient contacts between the sorghums of Africa and those of Asia. Everything points to very old relationships and exchanges of plant material between the eastern parts of Africa and Asia. Certainly w e know that in Africa, in precolonial times, there existed a numbe r of cultivated plant species which had their origin in tropical South-East Asia. We have already mentioned that it was perhaps easier for agriculture to gain a foothold in the African forest as a result of the appearance of cultivated species such as bananas and taro which had their origin in the wet, tropical forests of South-East Asia and the East Indies. It was from here that the early migrants set out for Madagascar and the East African coast, taking with them a number of their domesticated plants.
 
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