It is the custom in the South to permit whites to resort to violence and
threats of violence against the life, personal security, property and freedom
of movement of Negroes. There is a wide variety of behavior, ranging
from a mild admonition to murder, which the white man may exercise to
control Negroes. While the practice has its origin in the slavery tradition,
it continues to flourish because of the laxity and inequity of the administra-
tion of law and justice. It would not be possible except for the deficient
operation of the judicial sanctions in protecting Negroes' rights and liber-
ties. Both the practice of intimidation and violence and the inadequate
functioning of justice in the region are expressions of the same spirit of
relative lawlessness; both arc tolerated and upheld by the same public
opinion. Both are rooted in this strange Southern combination of conserva-
tism and illegality.• Both are expressions on the part of the Southern
public of its dissatisfacdon with formal laws, its disregard for orderly
government....
In this region the custom of going armed continually or having weapons
within easy reach at home was retained from antc-bellum days. This custom
was taken over also by the Negroes during Reconstruction days.' The
writer has been astonished to see how firearms and slashing knives a.re part
of the equipment of many lower class whites and Negroes in the South.
The laws against carrying "concealed weapons" are not efficient, as they
do not-and for constitutional reasons cannotr.-forbid the owning, buying
and selling of arms. White policemen have often complained to the author
that it is not possible to disarm the civil population. They do not urge
reforms, however, but take the prevailing situation as natural and inevi-
table. In the Negro community, where personal security is most lacking,
this dangerous pattern of having knives and guns around is most wide-
spread. It undoubtedly contributes to the high record of violent actions,
most of the time directed against other Negroes.