Libertarianism (
Latin:
liber, "free")
[1] is a set of related
political philosophies that uphold liberty as the highest political end.
[2][3] This includes emphasis on the primacy of
individual liberty,
[4][5]political freedom, and
voluntary association. It is an antonym of
authoritarianism.
[6] Although many libertarians share a skepticism of governmental authority, they diverge on the extent and character of their opposition. Certain schools of libertarian thought offer a range of views on how far the powers of government should be limited and others contend the
state should not exist at all. While
minarchists propose a state limited in scope to preventing aggression, theft, breach of contract and fraud,
anarchists advocate its complete elimination as a political system.
[7][8][9][10][11][12] While some libertarians are supportive of
laissez-faire capitalism and
private property rights, such as in land and natural resources, others oppose capitalism and private ownership of the
means of production, instead advocating their
common or
cooperative ownership and
management (see
libertarian socialism).
[13][14][15]
In the
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, libertarianism is defined as the moral view that
agents initially fully own themselves and have certain moral powers to acquire property rights in external things.
[16] Libertarian philosopher
Roderick Long defines libertarianism as "any political position that advocates a radical redistribution of power from the coercive state to voluntary associations of free individuals", whether "voluntary association" takes the form of the
free market or of communal
co-operatives.
[17] In the United States, the term
libertarianism is often used as a synonym for combined
economic and
cultural liberalism while outside that country there is a strong tendency to associate libertarianism with
anarchism.