subs.
Lets Talk African History:"Sahel" West African Civilizations
- Thread starter Bawon Samedi
- Start date
Idk if this is strictly about history or not. So I’m a go on and post a little about the social and political organisation of the soninke society(heritage of the Ghana empire). The Soninke are an ethnic group of about two million and their homeland is the border region of Mali, Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania. There is a huge diaspora mainly in France but also in other regions.
90% of the Soninkes come from these regions, Gajaga, Wagadu, Baaxunu are the names of the ancient provinces. people still claim them irrelevant of modern provinces of each nation.
The social and political organization of Soninké is essentially a hierarchy. Of all ethnic groups in the region, the social organization of the Soninké has traditionally been the most rigidly stratified, With strongly defined castes and subdivisions. In Soninké society, each person holds its place that is based on the order that it occupies in the scale of the social hierarchy. You do not become village chief, king, warrior chief or craftsman simply by merit, let alone by individual choice. Other Sahelian ethnic groups have a similar stratification but Soninke are among those who still hold on to it.
This means that Soninke social system is relatively closed and totalitarian.
On the scale of the soninké society there is downward
1. Hoore which means noble free man
2. Niakhamala which means casted man
3. Kome or captive/slave
1. The hoore (free noble man, plural hooro)
"The hoore means free man. This is the one which, in the social hierarchy depends on no one. He holds the superior position inherited from his father. He is the one that makes the other dependent of him, by force and cunning. It was he who in Soninke society's had the role to control, distribute, punish ".
The hooro are stratified in three ;
-the tunkalemme is the prince (lord)
-the mange is the courtisan companion and confidant of the chief, in peacetime and also serves as the mediator between the various fractions of hooro in war time he is the warrior(kuralemme as were his ancestors), the shield of the tunkalemme
-the moodini of which the origins took place with the establishment of Islam in Soninke land (about the 11th century). These are Muslim scholars and judges, marabouts, who hail from a long line of moodinu always have more legitimacy.
2. The ñaxamala the dependent man, the casted
In contrast to the hoore is the ñaxamala, individual not sufficient for himself. WIthin niakhamala there are different categories that group together in an often implicit and sometimes explicit hierarchy. The order of the most common classification is:
The tago or blacksmith. hey are dedicated to metal working; master of the forge, iron and fire, they are said to power the invisible beings without which they can not tackle impunity iron extracted from the bowels of the earth. We admire their skills and they are feared for their power.
The Sakko. These are the craftsmen of wood. They are believed to know the power of the trees and the spirits that inhabit the forest. They are teachers and confidants of the tree’s spirit and the good and evil jinn who inhabit them.
the Jaaro. These are real public entertainers are the most popular naxamalo. They are musicians and historians. Mouth of the community or griot, he is the only person authorized to speak publicly, without depriving, all he wants. Griots are originally experts of genealogies and epics of the community.
the garanko. These are the shoemakers; assigned to the confection of animal skin and leather goods, they practice a relatively strict endogamy.
3. The Komo. They are captives or descendants of slaves. In the scale of status groups, they came last. They were until the early twentieth century, the main labor force in Soninke country. In Soninké, there were many more prisoners than free men. The soninké production system, mainly agricultural, was based on an extensive use of slave labor, which helped to maintain the power of kagume(family chief) and generate the surplus required for ceremonies and gifts.
Of all statutory groups, this one is the only practicing strict endogamy.
Political organization of the Soninke society
The Soninke political organization is based on patrilineal hereditary system. Everything is organized so that men take precedence over women. Theoretically, the Tunka or King is the political leader and the owner of the land and of all that which grows on the land of his country (jamaane). Yet there is a system of "cross-checking" that makes it virtually impossible for the Tunka to exercise these rights without reference either to all or to tunkalemmu mangu.
There is no Soninke political status above that of the Tunka. In essence, it is the fankama (fanka = strength, power, kama = owner) and no one can deny his exclusive right to the use of force to keep order.The Tunka always comes of tunkalemmu (princes and heirs apparent of royalty) that come from a clan that often prevailed for centuries in a given region.
In Soninké culture the principle of seniority is essential. The eldest takes precedence over the younger and younger will not be entitled to certain functions unless a delegation allows him the right to claim it.
The mangu (courtiers, warriors, confidants tunkalemmu) are subservient to tunkalemmu but these, to keep the throne and to maintain their authority, need the mangu’s military might and art of conciliation. Thus the mangu enjoy a number of privileges (enjoy the inviolability of his home, etc...)
Soninke political system is designed so as to make solitary exercise of power impossible. This does not mean that the history of soninké kingdoms are completely free of potentates, however these arbitrary kingdoms are exceptions that remain in the collective memory. The exercise of power, in Soninke land can only be consensual because Tunka is only primus inter pares u. He is the first of its peers, tunkalemmu, which all have the same legitimacy of rank. His accession to the throne is pure accident: because of his age, his place in the family tree of the clan. As such, he has no particular merit.
As king, the Tunka has a casting vote in all discussions, but in general, he is on the side of his advisers. He is nothing without his court, he needs soldiers, mouths, ears and memory. Everyone can thus be a co-custodian of the royal power.
Some old Surnames of the Soninke since the Ghana Empire:
Today, we find some of the old Soninké family names in other ethnic groups such as the Malinke, the Soce, the Tukulor, the Dioula etc. This is mainly due to the great migrations that occurred after the collapse of the Empire of Ghana to other countries. The family name was still kept Soninké, however, the Soninke language was less and less spoken in favor of local languages. So there are hundreds of thousands of people with a Soninke surname but claiming another ethnicity or not knowing their precise origin. Of course there are also people with a non-original soninke surname but still Soninke. Their ancestors were Wolof, Fulani, Bambaras, etc settled amongst Soninke communities. The Soninke are called "Sarakholé" by the Wolof, "Markas" by the Bambara, "Wangara" by the Malinke, "Wakoré" by Sonrhai, or "Toubakaï." Aswanik(from Aswan) by the modern Moors of Mauritania.
Typical soninke surmanes are Bathily, Soumare, Doucouré, Diabira, Diagana Koita, Tandia, Wagué, Séméga, Niakaté, Diawara, Marega, Drame, Gassama, or Camara (Camara and Fofana are Kagoro origin’ Kebe, Toure , Sakho or sacko, Sylla, Cissokho (or Sissoko, Sissako).
Timbuktu (Mali)used to be an important place for trade and islamic learning in West-Africa.
Here are the most important of the 333 "saints" of Timbuktu:
- Cheikh Sidi Mahmoud Ben Omar Ben Mohamed Al Aqît Al Sanhadji: born c. 1464 et died c. 1550. He was an islamic judge. The Timbuktu cimetary was named after him.
- Cheikh Al Aqib Ben Cheikh Sidi Mahmoud : Son of Cheikh Sidi Mahmoud Ben Omar Ben Mohamed Al Aqît Al Sanhadji and ancestor of the famous Ahmed Baba. Born c. 1510 and died c. 1585.
he to used to be an islamic judge and in 1544 he built a mosque called Jamna Al Hana(mosuqe of tranquility). near his tomb you'll find 41 other saints.
- Cheikh Sid’ Ahmed Ben Amar Al Ragadi : died c.1685. Next to him lie 20 other saints.
- Cheikh Abul Qassim Al Touati : died c.1530. Next to him lie 64 other saints from Touat(modern Algeria)
- Cheikh Sidi El Wafi Al Arwani : Famous imam. died c.1708.Nex to him lie 11 other saints.
- Cheikh Sidi Al Mikki Al Cherif : died c.1806
- Cheikh Mohamed Tamba Tamba : died c. 1842
- Cheikh Al Imam Ismail : died c. 1760
- Cheikh Al Imam Saïd : Fulani, died c. 1745, il est décédé vers 1745
- Cheikh Sidi Mohamed Boukkou : Mauritanian origin died c. 1784
- Cheikh Alpha Moya : This saint was assassinated inside the Sankoré Mosque by Mohamed pacha's men during the moroccan conquest of Songhay. :ohno:
- Cheikh Mohamed Sankari : Fulani origin, died c.1819.
- Cheikh Sidi El Mocktar Ben Cheikh Sidi Mohamed Ben Cheikh Al Kabir Al Kounti: died in 1846. next to him lie 14 other saints.
The most known and most famous saint is Cheikh Sidi Yehia, Ghallawi origin, died c. 1464 and is buried in a mosque that still is named after him and he was the first imam of this mosque . Sidi Yahia mosque is now ont he UNESCO list of Worl Heritage.
Here are the most important of the 333 "saints" of Timbuktu:
- Cheikh Sidi Mahmoud Ben Omar Ben Mohamed Al Aqît Al Sanhadji: born c. 1464 et died c. 1550. He was an islamic judge. The Timbuktu cimetary was named after him.
- Cheikh Al Aqib Ben Cheikh Sidi Mahmoud : Son of Cheikh Sidi Mahmoud Ben Omar Ben Mohamed Al Aqît Al Sanhadji and ancestor of the famous Ahmed Baba. Born c. 1510 and died c. 1585.
he to used to be an islamic judge and in 1544 he built a mosque called Jamna Al Hana(mosuqe of tranquility). near his tomb you'll find 41 other saints.
- Cheikh Sid’ Ahmed Ben Amar Al Ragadi : died c.1685. Next to him lie 20 other saints.
- Cheikh Abul Qassim Al Touati : died c.1530. Next to him lie 64 other saints from Touat(modern Algeria)
- Cheikh Sidi El Wafi Al Arwani : Famous imam. died c.1708.Nex to him lie 11 other saints.
- Cheikh Sidi Al Mikki Al Cherif : died c.1806
- Cheikh Mohamed Tamba Tamba : died c. 1842
- Cheikh Al Imam Ismail : died c. 1760
- Cheikh Al Imam Saïd : Fulani, died c. 1745, il est décédé vers 1745
- Cheikh Sidi Mohamed Boukkou : Mauritanian origin died c. 1784
- Cheikh Alpha Moya : This saint was assassinated inside the Sankoré Mosque by Mohamed pacha's men during the moroccan conquest of Songhay. :ohno:
- Cheikh Mohamed Sankari : Fulani origin, died c.1819.
- Cheikh Sidi El Mocktar Ben Cheikh Sidi Mohamed Ben Cheikh Al Kabir Al Kounti: died in 1846. next to him lie 14 other saints.
The most known and most famous saint is Cheikh Sidi Yehia, Ghallawi origin, died c. 1464 and is buried in a mosque that still is named after him and he was the first imam of this mosque . Sidi Yahia mosque is now ont he UNESCO list of Worl Heritage.
the old man with the beard in blue is the current spritual leader of Timbuktu Imam Abderamane Ben Essayouti. Since six generations, the Imamate of the Djingaray-Ber is owned by the family of the 36th imam of the mosque. Mosque Djingarey Ber was built in 1325 by Emperor Mansa Musa Mandingo, after his famous pilgrimage to Mecca. In Sonrhaï 'Djingarey' means mosque and 'Ber' means great. So Djingarey-Ber simply means the great mosque.
ps. the person in white clothing is professor Abdoulaye Bathily a soninke senegalese politician and diplomat. He is a Sahel civilisation specialist and has written a must read book about a soninke kingdom named Galam: Les Portes de l'or : le royaume de Galam (Sénégal) de l'ère musulmane au temps des négriers (VIIIe-XVIIIe siècles), L'Harmattan, Paris, 1989, 375 p. In that book he claims his ancestors the Soninkes had berber slaves.
He was in Mali as representative of the United Nations Mission in Mali.
ps. the person in white clothing is professor Abdoulaye Bathily a soninke senegalese politician and diplomat. He is a Sahel civilisation specialist and has written a must read book about a soninke kingdom named Galam: Les Portes de l'or : le royaume de Galam (Sénégal) de l'ère musulmane au temps des négriers (VIIIe-XVIIIe siècles), L'Harmattan, Paris, 1989, 375 p. In that book he claims his ancestors the Soninkes had berber slaves.
He was in Mali as representative of the United Nations Mission in Mali.
No, thank you for spreading this knowledge general Samory
ejthompson23
Vagabon
All that progress got throwned out the door the day these kingdoms submitted islam (see what I did there? Islam= submission )...
the story of MOHAMED IBN ABUBAKAR TOURE aka ASKIA MUHAMED aka ASKIA THE GREAT
Born ca. 1443 – 1538. Emperor of Songhai 1492 - 1529. Born under the name Mamadou Touré son of Abubakar in a Soninke ethnic family of the Fouta Toro region(current Senegal and Mauritania), the future Askia in the 1460s became the best general of Sonni Ali Ber who was then busy transforming the small kingdom of Gao which he had inherited into a powerful state. In 1492 after the accidental death of Sonni and profiting of a bloody civil war that opposed him to the latter's son, Muhammad seized the throne and took the title of Askia (or great ruler). For a long time he had become the leader of the pro-Muslim faction of the kingdom of Gao and the spokesman of an army that became increasingly influential as the wars gained importance.
The Askia continued the work of the great Sunni Ali in every respect except that unlike its predecessor, who was certainly a Muslim but who still came to practice animistic rites the Askia opted throughout his reign resolutely to be adhere to Sunni practices. In a region where the followers of Islam were still a handful in the midst of an animist ocean, Askia was able to show to be both strict and tolerant of various pagan cults. He surrounded himself with pious Muslims scholars mainly from Timbuktu through which he assured his authority. In return, the Askia settled in the city which he made his principal residence and a cultural and religious center whose influence radiated throughout long North Africa. The other cities of the empire, such as Gao, Djenne or Oualata experienced a similar fate. In 1496-1497 the pious Muhammad accomplished with an impressive suite a Grand pilgrimage to Mecca through Cairo. In the Hejaz he devoted a sum of 100,000 gold dinars in alms to the poor and for the purchase of land on which he built a residence for Sudanese pilgrims.
In Egypt he obtained from the Abbasid Caliph recognition of his title of amir al-Muminin and nominal authority throughout West Africa. Later he continued to maintain correspondence with the great scholars of his time and sent qadis or Muslim jurists across its states to teach Islam and to enforce justice. In classical Arabic the black Sarakolle(soninke) for the first time dared to write down a history that previously was strictly oral. Thus in these times arose the famous Tarikh al-Fettach of Mahmoud Kati and Tarikh as-Sudan of Ahmad Baba, which displays the main facts of the glorious descendants of Sonni and Askia Muhammad.
Decided to impose the domination of his state to the whole region, he led a long series of military campaigns from the Atlantic Coast to Lake Chad, isolated the dying kingdom of Mali, crushed the nomadic Fulani of Futa Toro (Senegal) and even extended his power on the Dedri and the eastern Hausa sultanates of Katsina, Kano and Zaria. Finally, in 1515 he defeated the Tuareg and captured their great city of Agadez. Only the Bornu and the Mossi of Yatenga impunity continued to resist until the end. Therefore, his empire was the most enormous that we never saw in Africa.
In 1516, the Sahel from the edge of the forest to the heart of the Sahara was at the foot of the invincible Songhai. The empire was divided into four viceroyalties themselves severed in many governorates (each led by a farin). In Songhay costums heredity fo charges was unknown and every official had his uniform, his badge and his prerogatives. Abandoning the system of mass enrollment that was practiced by Sonni Ali and prevented the farmers to engage in field work, Askia opted for the establishment of a professional army whose central element was constituted by the cavalry. Recruited the Egyptian way, that is to say mainly made up of former prisoners of war or slaves, it allowed farmers to farm their land all year, the artisans at their crafts and traders to their Business. Disciplined and formidable, it assured effectively maintaining order within the empire and was the spearhead for brilliant victories outside.
Knowing the value of the Niger River, whose importance to the Songhai equivalent to that of the Nile for Egypt, Askia Muhammad did increase the size of the war fleet inherited from Sonni to complement its impressive military presence and enable it intervene even in high water season. This fleet of war necessitated the creation of adequate port that was built in Kabara. To improve the yields of local agriculture, he ordered large irrigation along the Niger and brought Jewish gardeners from Tuat (Morocco). Driven by a constant concern for efficiency, he unified the too complex system of weights and measures throughout the state. Teghaza salt mines were highlighted to supply the region.
Attracted by this prosperity, many traders, especially Arabs came to settle in Timbuktu and Gao, which became the two largest cities of Black Africa (according to various comments and observations, the total population of Timbuktu exceeded then the hundred thousand inhabitants!). Connected through the caravan trade that connected them to distant cities such as Cairo and Baghdad. Slaves, gold, textiles, cola nuts, horses and other products were transported in impressive quantities. Brought in by Maghreb traders, European fabrics were sold in quantity in African souks. A myriad of officials responsible for tax collection patrolled the country and each paid according to his resources, with grain for farmers, with fish for anglers, or even manual labor. War booties were a very important extra often. The Askia himself became one of the richest men of his time and his magnificence was contemplated closely by the Arab chronicler Al Hasan Bin Mohammed al-Wazzan-ez Zayyati best known in the West under the nickname of Léon l’Africain when he visited the region in 1510 and 1513.
But the emperor not only possessed qualities, he was also a ruthless man who never hesitated to punish his enemies the most terrible ways. This autocracy eventually annoyed even the nearest spheres of power. On 10 Dhu al-Hijjah 935/15 August 1529, aged 86 and almost blind, the old lion was gently deposed by a son, Musa, who confined him to his palace until his death ten years later. But his great mausoleum in Gao is still there to witness this long reign of thirty-six years which profoundly marked the history of the area and gave generations of griots a lot of great exploits and picturesque anecdotes to tell .
Askia Mamadou’s tomb in Gao(northern Mali).
source: Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr dit Askia Muhammad , Askia le Grand (translated from french by me)
Born ca. 1443 – 1538. Emperor of Songhai 1492 - 1529. Born under the name Mamadou Touré son of Abubakar in a Soninke ethnic family of the Fouta Toro region(current Senegal and Mauritania), the future Askia in the 1460s became the best general of Sonni Ali Ber who was then busy transforming the small kingdom of Gao which he had inherited into a powerful state. In 1492 after the accidental death of Sonni and profiting of a bloody civil war that opposed him to the latter's son, Muhammad seized the throne and took the title of Askia (or great ruler). For a long time he had become the leader of the pro-Muslim faction of the kingdom of Gao and the spokesman of an army that became increasingly influential as the wars gained importance.
The Askia continued the work of the great Sunni Ali in every respect except that unlike its predecessor, who was certainly a Muslim but who still came to practice animistic rites the Askia opted throughout his reign resolutely to be adhere to Sunni practices. In a region where the followers of Islam were still a handful in the midst of an animist ocean, Askia was able to show to be both strict and tolerant of various pagan cults. He surrounded himself with pious Muslims scholars mainly from Timbuktu through which he assured his authority. In return, the Askia settled in the city which he made his principal residence and a cultural and religious center whose influence radiated throughout long North Africa. The other cities of the empire, such as Gao, Djenne or Oualata experienced a similar fate. In 1496-1497 the pious Muhammad accomplished with an impressive suite a Grand pilgrimage to Mecca through Cairo. In the Hejaz he devoted a sum of 100,000 gold dinars in alms to the poor and for the purchase of land on which he built a residence for Sudanese pilgrims.
In Egypt he obtained from the Abbasid Caliph recognition of his title of amir al-Muminin and nominal authority throughout West Africa. Later he continued to maintain correspondence with the great scholars of his time and sent qadis or Muslim jurists across its states to teach Islam and to enforce justice. In classical Arabic the black Sarakolle(soninke) for the first time dared to write down a history that previously was strictly oral. Thus in these times arose the famous Tarikh al-Fettach of Mahmoud Kati and Tarikh as-Sudan of Ahmad Baba, which displays the main facts of the glorious descendants of Sonni and Askia Muhammad.
Decided to impose the domination of his state to the whole region, he led a long series of military campaigns from the Atlantic Coast to Lake Chad, isolated the dying kingdom of Mali, crushed the nomadic Fulani of Futa Toro (Senegal) and even extended his power on the Dedri and the eastern Hausa sultanates of Katsina, Kano and Zaria. Finally, in 1515 he defeated the Tuareg and captured their great city of Agadez. Only the Bornu and the Mossi of Yatenga impunity continued to resist until the end. Therefore, his empire was the most enormous that we never saw in Africa.
In 1516, the Sahel from the edge of the forest to the heart of the Sahara was at the foot of the invincible Songhai. The empire was divided into four viceroyalties themselves severed in many governorates (each led by a farin). In Songhay costums heredity fo charges was unknown and every official had his uniform, his badge and his prerogatives. Abandoning the system of mass enrollment that was practiced by Sonni Ali and prevented the farmers to engage in field work, Askia opted for the establishment of a professional army whose central element was constituted by the cavalry. Recruited the Egyptian way, that is to say mainly made up of former prisoners of war or slaves, it allowed farmers to farm their land all year, the artisans at their crafts and traders to their Business. Disciplined and formidable, it assured effectively maintaining order within the empire and was the spearhead for brilliant victories outside.
Knowing the value of the Niger River, whose importance to the Songhai equivalent to that of the Nile for Egypt, Askia Muhammad did increase the size of the war fleet inherited from Sonni to complement its impressive military presence and enable it intervene even in high water season. This fleet of war necessitated the creation of adequate port that was built in Kabara. To improve the yields of local agriculture, he ordered large irrigation along the Niger and brought Jewish gardeners from Tuat (Morocco). Driven by a constant concern for efficiency, he unified the too complex system of weights and measures throughout the state. Teghaza salt mines were highlighted to supply the region.
Attracted by this prosperity, many traders, especially Arabs came to settle in Timbuktu and Gao, which became the two largest cities of Black Africa (according to various comments and observations, the total population of Timbuktu exceeded then the hundred thousand inhabitants!). Connected through the caravan trade that connected them to distant cities such as Cairo and Baghdad. Slaves, gold, textiles, cola nuts, horses and other products were transported in impressive quantities. Brought in by Maghreb traders, European fabrics were sold in quantity in African souks. A myriad of officials responsible for tax collection patrolled the country and each paid according to his resources, with grain for farmers, with fish for anglers, or even manual labor. War booties were a very important extra often. The Askia himself became one of the richest men of his time and his magnificence was contemplated closely by the Arab chronicler Al Hasan Bin Mohammed al-Wazzan-ez Zayyati best known in the West under the nickname of Léon l’Africain when he visited the region in 1510 and 1513.
But the emperor not only possessed qualities, he was also a ruthless man who never hesitated to punish his enemies the most terrible ways. This autocracy eventually annoyed even the nearest spheres of power. On 10 Dhu al-Hijjah 935/15 August 1529, aged 86 and almost blind, the old lion was gently deposed by a son, Musa, who confined him to his palace until his death ten years later. But his great mausoleum in Gao is still there to witness this long reign of thirty-six years which profoundly marked the history of the area and gave generations of griots a lot of great exploits and picturesque anecdotes to tell .
Askia Mamadou’s tomb in Gao(northern Mali).
source: Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr dit Askia Muhammad , Askia le Grand (translated from french by me)
Songhai empire by 1520
a few facts about the empire:
City of Gao, 7626 houses for over 100 000 inhabitants
The resources of the State:
Taxes: in nature first later gold coins
Customs: charges on imports and exports (gold, salt, ...)
The royal treasure: native gold blocks, granaries, manufactured goods stores
The loot: external military expeditions
The army:
Hierarchical structure of the military submitted to civilian power
cavalry
infantrymen
The auxiliary body
The king's guard
the fleet on the Niger River
The judicial system:
Justice rendered by the Sovereign
Justice rendered by the Cadi
Songhai government posts:
Assara Moundio: Police Commissioner
Anfara-Kouma: Judge
Kan-Fari or Kormina Fari: Vice King
Tounkoï, Kouran, Soira: military duties minister
Jenne-Koi-Koi Bani, Kara-Koi: administrative and military leaders of the cities, ...
Guimi Koi or Bani Goumet Koi: Port Director
Hi-Koi: responsible for boats
Yobou-Koi: market administrator
Gari-tia: responsable for repairing saddles
Berbouchi-Moudio or Monzdo: administrator in charge of Berbouchis (=Arab traders)affairs
Koira-Banda moundio: director of the suburbs of a city
Barei-Koi: Chief of Protocol
Ouaneï-farma: Minister of property
Sao-farma: Minister of Forests
Lari-farma: Water Minister
Qurie-farma: Minister in charge of white minorities(arabs and berbers) in the country
Tara-farma: head of the cavalry
Tari-Moundio: Crop Inspector
Timbuktu manuscripts
source: ANKH: Egyptologie et Civilisations Africaines (translated from french by me)
modern Songhai people look like this:
[url=https://flic.kr/p/5RrGXj]
[/url]
a few facts about the empire:
City of Gao, 7626 houses for over 100 000 inhabitants
The resources of the State:
Taxes: in nature first later gold coins
Customs: charges on imports and exports (gold, salt, ...)
The royal treasure: native gold blocks, granaries, manufactured goods stores
The loot: external military expeditions
The army:
Hierarchical structure of the military submitted to civilian power
cavalry
infantrymen
The auxiliary body
The king's guard
the fleet on the Niger River
The judicial system:
Justice rendered by the Sovereign
Justice rendered by the Cadi
Songhai government posts:
Assara Moundio: Police Commissioner
Anfara-Kouma: Judge
Kan-Fari or Kormina Fari: Vice King
Tounkoï, Kouran, Soira: military duties minister
Jenne-Koi-Koi Bani, Kara-Koi: administrative and military leaders of the cities, ...
Guimi Koi or Bani Goumet Koi: Port Director
Hi-Koi: responsible for boats
Yobou-Koi: market administrator
Gari-tia: responsable for repairing saddles
Berbouchi-Moudio or Monzdo: administrator in charge of Berbouchis (=Arab traders)affairs
Koira-Banda moundio: director of the suburbs of a city
Barei-Koi: Chief of Protocol
Ouaneï-farma: Minister of property
Sao-farma: Minister of Forests
Lari-farma: Water Minister
Qurie-farma: Minister in charge of white minorities(arabs and berbers) in the country
Tara-farma: head of the cavalry
Tari-Moundio: Crop Inspector
Timbuktu manuscripts
source: ANKH: Egyptologie et Civilisations Africaines (translated from french by me)
modern Songhai people look like this:
[url=https://flic.kr/p/5RrGXj]
[/url]
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