Territorial claims
Claims on the territory include the fact that an area in northwestern of the Golan region, delineated by a rough triangle formed by the towns of
Banias,
Quneitra and the northern tip of the
Sea of Galilee, was part of the British Palestine Mandate in which the establishment of a Jewish national home had been promised.
[128] In 1923, this triangle in northwestern Golan was ceded to the French Mandate in Syria, but in exchange for this, land areas in Syria and Lebanon was ceded to Palestine, and the whole of the Sea of Galilee which previously had its eastern boundary connected to Syria was placed inside Palestine.
[129] Syrians counter that the region was placed in the
Vilayet of Damascus as part of Syria under the Ottoman boundaries and that the
1920 British-Franco agreement which had placed part of the Golan under the control of Britain was only temporary and that the final border line drawn up in 1923, which excluded the Golan triangle, had superseded it,
[128] although Syria has never recognised the 1923 border as legally binding.
Borders, armistice line and ceasefire line
View of
Mount Hermon from the road to Masaade.
One of the aspects of the dispute involves the existence prior to 1967 of three different lines separating Syria from the area that between 1948 and 1967 was referred to as
Mandatory Palestine.
The 1923 boundary between British
Mandatory Palestine and the
French Mandate of Syria was drawn with water in mind.
[130] Accordingly, it was demarcated so that all of the
Sea of Galilee, including a 10-meter wide strip of beach along its northeastern shore, would stay inside
Mandatory Palestine. From the Sea of Galilee north to
Lake Hula the boundary was drawn between 50 and 400 meters east of the upper
Jordan River, keeping that stream entirely within
Mandatory Palestine. The British also received a sliver of land along the
Yarmouk River, out to the present-day
Hamat Gader.
[131]
During the Arab-Israeli War, Syria captured various areas of the formerly British controlled
Mandatory Palestine, including the 10-meter strip of beach, the east bank of the upper Jordan, as well as areas along the Yarmouk.
While negotiating the
1949 Armistice Agreements, Israel called for the removal of all Syrian forces from the former Palestine territory. Syria refused, insisting on an armistice line based not on the 1923 international border but on the military status quo. The result was a compromise. Under the terms of an armistice signed on 20 July 1949, Syrian forces were to withdraw east of the old Palestine-Syria boundary. Israeli forces were to refrain from entering the evacuated areas, which would become a demilitarised zone, "from which the armed forces of both Parties shall be totally excluded, and in which no activities by military or paramilitary forces shall be permitted."
[132] Accordingly, major parts of the armistice lines departed from the 1923 boundary and protruded into Israel. There were three distinct, non-contiguous enclaves—in the extreme northeast to the west of Banias, on the west bank of the Jordan River near Lake Hula, and the eastern-southeastern shores of the Sea of Galilee extending out to Hamat Gader, consisting of 66.5 square kilometres (25.7 sq mi) of land lying between the 1949 armistice line and the 1923 boundary, forming the demilitarised zone.
[130]
Following the armistice, both Israel and Syria sought to take advantage of the territorial ambiguities left in place by the 1949 agreement. This resulted in an evolving tactical situation, one "snapshot" of which was the disposition of forces immediately prior to the
Six-Day War, the “line of June 4, 1967”.
[130]
Shebaa Farms
On 7 June 2000, the
demarcation Blue Line was established by the UN in order to ensure full Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, according to
UN Security Council Resolution 425. After Israeli troops
left Lebanese soil, the UN announced the resolution had been respected. However,
Lebanon continues to claim a small portion of the area occupied by Israel and administered as part of the Golan Heights. The territory, known as the
Shebaa Farms, measures 22 square kilometres (8.5 sq mi) and lies on the border between Lebanon and the Golan Heights. Maps used by the UN in demarcating the
Blue Line were not able to conclusively show the border between Lebanon and Syria in the area. Syria agrees that the Shebaa Farms are within Lebanese territory; however, Israel considers the area to be inside of Syria's borders and continues to occupy the territory.
[133][134][135]