I don't think it really come from Raiders. It was part and parcel a part of the fabric of movie making then. Back then it was all about the artistry and show don't tell was a part of that artistry. You'll see it just as much in movies like Spartacus.
Despite your sarcasm, Godfather's introduction is actually a great example.
In a genius scene that sets up the Corleone family, we witness various characters and how they handle themselves.
Don is doing business at his daughter's wedding. He does deals for people. A favor me, a favor for you. Loyalty is paramount. All people come to the Don.
Sonny is off chasing tail. His wife chats with the girls about Sonny's shlong and Sonny is always off getting that thing in some girl. We learn about this from watching the movie. It's never said Sonny is a philanderer once and you don't actually hear his wife talk about his D. It's inferred through the visuals.
Michael, like always, is by himself, away from the family. He brings a blonde haired Ivy league broad to an Italian family outing. Sonny hates that Michael rejects the Italian part of himself and is embarrassed Michael would dare bring a non Italian woman to his sister's wedding. Again, this is inferred without one lick of dialogue.
In the opening scene there's a contrast between Don's office which is dark, lights off, which represents the dark dealings of the family, and the broad daylight of the wedding party, which is the official public face of the family. On one hand it's an Italian family that strives to embrace tradition. On the other, there's a dark, sinister part of the family that truly runs it: the crime and mob parts of it.
Yes, there's dialogue and yes it's important. But the visuals, the sound design, the atmosphere (the darkness of Don's office;etc.) help craft the movie into what it is. While watching the introduction you'll be surprised by how little actual dialogue there is outside of the Don's office.