Wargames
One Of The Last Real Ones To Do It
Bro I got into an argument with a Uber driver over this. I had to ask him where did the Mexicans come from near the end and he got real quiet and started speeding to get me home.
Black family in Georgia passed down a song through the centuries after slavery. Researchers linked song to Mende tribe in West Africa.
- Thread starter Ozymandeas
- Start date
Show evidence of this! I don’t want to hear and see pseudo babble!We were already here before people crossed over from the beiring strait. The European just has had the idea we had no other way over here. Its possible we arrived from the Pacific Islands by boat or land bridge
I want you to explain why Amerindians like Asians exhibit cold adapted body portions and limb ratio, while Black Americans exhibit tropical adapted body portions. And limb ratio to intermediate, depending on the amount of admixture)
How is it possible there’s no admixture of these Amerindians in Black Americans, or a genetic drift like we see in Amerindians? Neither do we see any bottleneck occurrence.
What we do see is a continuous genetic drift, from mainly West Africa.
'Tropically adapted groups also have relatively longer distal limb elements (tibia and radius, as compared to femur and humerus) than groups in colder climates."
The Human Lineage, 2nd Edition
<p><b>The newly revised and thoroughly updated standard source for mastering the human fossil record.</b></p> <p>This new edition of <i>The Human Lineage</i> is the best and most current guide to the morphological, geological, paleontological, and archeological evidence for the story of human...
“Thirteen of the 18 haplogroups previously observed in African populations were observed in the African American populations: L1a, L1b, L1c, L2a, L2b, L2c, L3b, L3d, L3e1, L3e2, L3e3, L3e4, and L3f”
Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the African American population - PMC
Genetic polymorphism along mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) defines population-specific signatures called mtDNA haplogroups. Estimation of mtDNA haplogroup distribution may be prone to errors, notably if the study sample is not drawn from a multicenter ...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
“In this context, the Dominican Republic is in line with the observations from other Caribbean and non-Caribbean American regions. All the mtDNA African lineages account for 61% of the maternal haplogroups, with the most frequent mtDNA lineages being the sub-Saharan L1c, L2a, L3b, and L3d, all reaching frequencies higher than 10%.”
Y Haplogroup Diversity of the Dominican Republic: Reconstructing the Effect of the European Colonization and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trades - PubMed
The Dominican Republic is one of the two countries on the Hispaniola island, which is part of the Antilles. Hispaniola was affected by the European colonization and massive deportation of African slaves since the XVI century and these events heavily shaped the genetic composition of the...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
“SCD occurs among about 1 out of every 365 Black or African-American births. SCD occurs among about 1 out of every 16,300 Hispanic-American births. About 1 in 13 Black or African-American babies is born with sickle cell trait (SCT)”.
Data & Statistics on Sickle Cell Disease | CDC
Read data highlights about sickle cell disease.
www.cdc.gov
"Earlier studies showed that the prevalence of maxillary midline diastema was greater in African populations than among Caucasians or Asian [21]. Another research reported that a maxillary midline diastema (MMD) occurrence among African Americans is more"
Retrospective Evaluation of the Prevalence of Diastema among an Adult Population
Discover the prevalence and location of diastema among orthodontic patients at UNLV School of Dental Medicine. Explore the impact of ethnicity and arch on diastema cases.
"According to the study, having mainly African genetic ancestry can reduce a person's chances of finding a donor by up to 60%, and having African copies of HLA genes, which must be compatible with the donor's to make a transplant possible, can reduce them by 75%."
[..]
According to Meyer, the team cannot yet answer the question regarding the degree to which admixture and the percentage of African ancestry hinder a match. "These two things are a little different. What we know is that on average people with African HLA genes tend to have more difficulty than people with European ancestry," he said. "It remains to be seen if there are combinations of European and African chromosomes that can also reduce the probability of a match.”
Study explains why people of African descent are less likely to find bone marrow donors
A paper by a multidisciplinary team of scientists affiliated with various Brazilian institutions, including the University of São Paulo (USP) and the National Cancer Institute (INCA), shows that people of African descent are less likely to find a donor in the National Register of Voluntary Bone...
www.news-medical.net
"The study found that white blood cell counts may be low due to a rs2814778-CC variant in the promoter of the atypical chemokine receptor 1-coding gene ACKR1. While this variant is relatively uncommon in individuals of European ancestry, it appears to be found in more than 60 percent of African Americans and is found at especially high frequency in some populations from sub-Saharan Africa.”
Genotyping May Help Avoid Unnecessary Bone Marrow Biopsies in African Americans
A significant subset of African Americans may be genetically predisposed to low white blood cell counts, suggesting this feature alone may not warrant bone marrow biopsies.
www.genomeweb.com
“When slaves were brought to the American colonies from west Africa, they often grew various kinds of rice in small gardens to feed themselves. Rice became a cash crop for plantation owners, however, with the advent of a high-quality variety of rice in 1685.”
Science | AAAS
www.science.org
“Okra originated from the Abyssinian center, an area that includes Ethiopia, a portion of Eritrea, and the eastern, higher part of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The crop was probably taken into Egypt by Moslems from the East who conquered Egypt in the seventh century.”
Food Crop Production by Smallholder Farmers in Southern Africa
Food Crop Production by Smallholder Farmers in Southern Africa: Challenges and Opportunities for Improvement evaluates traditional cultivati
shop.elsevier.com
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You.
We were already here before people crossed over from the beiring strait. The European just has had the idea we had no other way over here. Its possible we arrived from the Pacific Islands by boat or land bridge
Ancestry Composition of African Americans:
DNA results of African American people and their descendants.
The people that are descended from former enslaved Africans that were brought to the United States during the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. These people have roots in the United States prior to the Civil War. Gullah-Geechee people of the Sea Islands of South Carolina & Georgia and the Louisiana Creoles of Color are included as well.
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Where did most of the West-Central Africans brought over to the US came from and from which parts of the US were they sent?
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I don’t even know what you’re arguing, at this point.
I’m not talking about foreigners who say they’re not black, so I’m not sure why that was brought up.
I’m not talking about people who say that culturally and ethnically we are not African. We are not and I said that at least twice in this thread
For like the third time, I am talking about black people who want to completely erase the idea that black Americans are descended from African slaves and are of indigenous Native American ancestry.
Your genetic makeup and physiology is African. You can’t escape that…
Senegal, Gambia & Parts of Guinea are part of the Sahel Zone., Northern parts of Nigeria & Cameroon are also part of the Sahel.
Y Chromosome Lineages in Men of West African Descent
Jada Benn Torres, Menahem B. Doura, Shomarka O. Y. Keita, Rick A. Kittles
The European colonization of the Americas used labor from west and west central Africa, initially in the U.S. as indentured servants and later enslaved. Although the exact number is unknown and highly contested, it is estimated by some historians that between 8 to 12 million Africans were brought to the Americas in the transatlantic slave trade. Of this total, the vast majority were sold to European colonies in Latin America, only 4.5% of the enslaved Africans were imported to the United States, 7.8% to Jamaica, and 0.03% to the US Virgin Islands [1], [2], [3].
Enslaved Africans came from or through major coastal regions that had been labeled by Europeans as the Grain Coast (consisting of Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone and parts of Liberia), Windward Coast (Ivory Coast and Liberia), Gold Coast (Ghana west of the Volta River), Bight of Benin (between the Volta and Benin Rivers), Bight of Biafra (east of the Benin River to Gabon), Central Africa (Gabon, Congo, and Angola), and the southern coast of Africa (from the cape of Good Hope to Cape Delgado, including the island of Madagascar).
In the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries west and west Central Africa were home to a range of societies and cultures of varying social organization from so-called “stateless” (village focused) societies to kingdoms [4], [5], [6]. The Senegambian region, with a long history of technical expertise in rice agriculture and making indigo dye, included a number of ethnic groups [5], [6], and Muslim kingdoms under Mande [7], as well as Fulani rule such as Futa Toro, Futa Jallon, and Bundu [8]. Further east in Lower Guinea [5] were the Akan speaking peoples with likely cultural origins in the second century CE (common era) in local iron working and trading societies at Begho [9] within what is now Ghana. The Akan-speaking peoples were organized into kingdoms [5], most prominent among them being Ashanti in the south, known for its use of gold in artistic production. Further east were societies that may have been the descendants of the Nok culture dated to the last centuries BC [9]: these include kingdoms such as Benin, famous for its metal sculpture, Dahomey, and the Yoruba states [10]. Adjacent to the Yoruba the Ibo/Igbo peoples lived in southeastern Nigeria, site of the likely ninth century archaeological site of Igbo Ekwu with interesting locally done bronze sculpture, and numerous glass beads obtained in long distance trade [9]. West Central Africa was home to several societies (such as Loango, Ndongo, Luba, Kuba), and notably the Kingdom of the Kongo, which shared some common metaphysical beliefs between them, although the elite in the Kongo eventually accepted Christianity [4].
Historians report that the majority of enslaved Africans that were brought to the United States tended to be from Sierra Leone, Senegambia, and the Gold Coast, though Africans throughout the West African coast were also imported [1], [11], [12]. Within the British Caribbean, including Jamaica, a large proportion of enslaved Africans had origins from the Bight of Biafra. In the Dutch Caribbean, including what is now the US Virgin island of St. Thomas, many enslaved Africans were imported from the Bight of Benin [2]. Genetic data obtained from mitochondria and Y chromosome analyses support these findings for the British Caribbean [13].
The differences in origins of enslaved Africans are partially the result of preferences that European settlers had for different skill sets. Other factors such as availability and economic trends also influenced where enslaved Africans were obtained [2], [3].
Wax [12] reports that not only were the majority of Africans imported directly from Africa but also that Africans from the Gold and Windward coasts were among the most favored by European American colonists. Within the Caribbean, colonists apparently preferred Akan peoples over those from Angola [11]. Within South Carolina evidence indicates that Africans with skills in rice cultivation were in greatest demand. Several historians suggest that in South Carolina upwards of 40% of the enslaved originated from the “Grain coast” regions of Senegambia and Sierra Leone [14], [15], [16].
However, within South Carolina, as in the rest of the Americas, although the identities of African peoples were transformed, even lost, in the context of enslavement and forced acculturation they were not rendered totally invisible to historical research [8], [17] and cultural memory as evidenced by some Brazilians' and Cubans' abilities to speak Yoruba dialects.
Individuals of African descent within the Americas have varied African origins and did have interactions with non-Africans, namely Europeans and indigenous Americans. European ancestry entered this sociopolitical defined group due to a range of practices including voluntary concubinage, marriage, and forced relations. European males predominated in this exchange, but sometimes European females were also involved. These differences have likely resulted in different population genetic histories. There have been few comprehensive studies that attempt to explore the genetic genealogical origins of African descendant populations in the United States and the Caribbean [13], [18]. Those studies that do consider origins generally only consider the mitochondrial locus. Both Ely et al. [19] and Salas et al. [18], [20] for example examine the maternal genetic ancestries of African Americans. Their conclusions are largely congruent with the historical record that African Americans descend from west and west central African populations. Within South America, specifically Brazil, the genetic data support the same conclusion that African-Brazilians also have west and west central African origin [21], [22], [23], [24] as well as some from southeastern Africa.
In comparisons of genetic variation across the genome and across continental populations, the variation found outside of Africa by and large tends to be a subset of the variation observed within African populations [25], [26]. This is generally attributed to the African origin of our species [27], [28] and the serial founder effects as humans migrated from Africa. Relatively few studies have examined African genetic diversity [29]. Although some studies have specifically considered regional genetic diversity within west or central Africa [23], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34] they generally investigate the mitochondrial lineages. Less has been published about paternal genetic variation within west and central Africa.
In this study, we examine Y-chromosome genetic variation in African descendant populations. In addition, we search for genetic evidence of substantial Senegambian “Grain Coast” ancestry in African American males from South Carolina. Finally, we consider the paternal African origins of several African descendant populations throughout the Americas. In doing this we hope to not only provide a genetic perspective to compliment historical investigations into the issue of African geographical origins but also contribute to the understanding of the genetic structure of African American populations. Understanding the variation present in these populations has implicit ramifications on admixture mapping and association studies in this admixed politically defined ‘macro-ethnic’ group [35].
Visualization of the genetic distances in the MDS plots illustrates a strong geographical relationship between the African populations. Within the mega cluster of African populations, there is a geographical distribution of the populations. Groups from the Grain Coast generally fall together, as do groups from the Bight of Benin. One African American population, those from South Carolina, cluster with the African populations. Notably, the South Carolina population falls nearest to the Grain Coast populations. Ethnohistorical records indicate a relationship between African Americans within this region of the United States and West Africans from Senegal, Gambia, and Sierra Leone. Based on such records it has been suggested that many African Americans within South Carolina originate from the Grain Coast region of West Africa. Furthermore, Africans from this region were sought-after and imported to the Americas for their knowledge of rice cultivation [8], [15], [17]. The current study is the first to test this hypothesis using genetic data. The other African derived groups from the Americas form a separate cluster and are closest to one outlying African group from the Bight of Biafra. Given that Caribbean slave census records collected in the 19th century indicate that many individuals were from the Bight of Biafra, this result appears consistent with historical data”
Y Chromosome Lineages in Men of West African Descent
The early African experience in the Americas is marked by the transatlantic slave trade from ∼1619 to 1850 and the rise of the plantation system. The origins of enslaved Africans were largely dependent on European preferences as well as the availability of potential laborers within Africa. Rice...
journals.plos.org
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Those people are idiots. We aren't African.I don’t even know what you’re arguing, at this point.
I’m not talking about foreigners who say they’re not black, so I’m not sure why that was brought up.
I’m not talking about people who say that culturally and ethnically we are not African. We are not and I said that at least twice in this thread
For like the third time, I am talking about black people who want to completely erase the idea that black Americans are descended from African slaves and are of indigenous Native American ancestry.
Ok, Indian boy. Whatever you say.
So what you’re doing on a predominantly Black site where people identify with African ancestry? Why not be on a Native American site, while smoking your peace pipe?
This is obviously not your roots.
List of English words of Niger-Congo origin - Wikipedia
LIST OF ENGLISH WORDS OF NIGER-CONGO ORIGIN
This is a list of English language words that come from the languages of Africa. It excludes placenames except where they have become common words.
WORDS OF AFRICAN ORIGIN
banana – West African, possibly Wolof banana
bogus – Hausa boko-boko meaning fake or fraudulent
bongo – West African boungu
bozo – stupid, West African
boogie – Wolof or Sierra Leone, to dance
buckra – "white man or person", from Efik and Ibibio mbakara [1]
chigger – possibly from Wolof and Yoruba jiga "insect")
chimpanzee – possibly derived from a Tshiluba language term "kivili-chimpenze", which is the local name for the animal and translates loosely as "mockman" or possibly just "ape".[2]
cola – from West African languages (Temne kola, Mandinka kolo)
dig - to sense, understand or appreciate – from Wolof dega
djembe – from West African languages
hip – from Wolof hipi and hepicat, one with eyes open
jazz – from West African languages (Mandinka jasi, Temne yas)
jive – possibly from Wolof jev
juke, jukebox – possibly from Wolof and Bambara dzug through Gullah
mumbo jumbo- from mandigo name Maamajombo, a masked dancer
mojo – from Fula moco'o "medicine man" through Louisiana Creole French or Gullah
obeah – from West African (Efik ubio, Twi ebayifo)
okay – disputed origins, likely influenced by Wolof waw-kay [3]
okra – from Igbo ókùrù
sambo – Fula sambo meaning "uncle"
tote – West African via Gullah
voodoo – from West African languages (Ewe and Fon vodu "spirit")
yam – West African (Fula nyami, Twi anyinam)
WORDS OF BANTU ORIGIN
banjo – probably Bantu mbanza
funk – from kikongo lu-fuki "bad body odor"
goober – possibly from Bantu (Kikongo and Kimbundu nguba)
gumbo – from Bantu (Kimbundu ngombo meaning "okra")
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Soul Food comes from plants taken from Africa and those people's cooking techniques. These dudes here desperately want to be from anywhere else in the world except Africa they ignoring all the evidence.Show evidence of this! I don’t want to hear and see pseudo babble!
I want you to explain why Amerindians like Asians exhibit cold adapted body portions and limb ratio, while Black American exhibit tropical adapted body portions. And limb ratio to intermediate, depending on the amount of admixture)
How is it possible there’s no admixture of these Amerindians in Black Americans, or a genetic drift like we see in Amerindians? Neither do we see any bottleneck occurrence.
What we do see is a continuous genetic drift, from mainly West Africa.
'Tropically adapted groups also have relatively longer distal limb elements (tibia and radius, as compared to femur and humerus) than groups in colder climates."
(Matt Cartmill, Fred H. Smith - 2011)The Human Lineage, 2nd Edition
<p><b>The newly revised and thoroughly updated standard source for mastering the human fossil record.</b></p> <p>This new edition of <i>The Human Lineage</i> is the best and most current guide to the morphological, geological, paleontological, and archeological evidence for the story of human...www.wiley.com
“Thirteen of the 18 haplogroups previously observed in African populations were observed in the African American populations: L1a, L1b, L1c, L2a, L2b, L2c, L3b, L3d, L3e1, L3e2, L3e3, L3e4, and L3f”
(Derek C. Johnson et al., Mitochondrial DNA. 2015 Jun; 26(3): 445–451. , Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the African American population)Mitochondrial DNA diversity in the African American population - PMC
Genetic polymorphism along mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) defines population-specific signatures called mtDNA haplogroups. Estimation of mtDNA haplogroup distribution may be prone to errors, notably if the study sample is not drawn from a multicenter ...
“In this context, the Dominican Republic is in line with the observations from other Caribbean and non-Caribbean American regions. All the mtDNA African lineages account for 61% of the maternal haplogroups, with the most frequent mtDNA lineages being the sub-Saharan L1c, L2a, L3b, and L3d, all reaching frequencies higher than 10%.
“Y Haplogroup Diversity of the Dominican Republic: Reconstructing the Effect of the European Colonization and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trades”
(Eugenia D’Atanasio et al.)Y Haplogroup Diversity of the Dominican Republic: Reconstructing the Effect of the European Colonization and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trades - PubMed
The Dominican Republic is one of the two countries on the Hispaniola island, which is part of the Antilles. Hispaniola was affected by the European colonization and massive deportation of African slaves since the XVI century and these events heavily shaped the genetic composition of the...
“SCD occurs among about 1 out of every 365 Black or African-American births. SCD occurs among about 1 out of every 16,300 Hispanic-American births. About 1 in 13 Black or African-American babies is born with sickle cell trait (SCT)”.
(Source: CDC)Data & Statistics on Sickle Cell Disease | CDC
Read data highlights about sickle cell disease.
"Earlier studies showed that the prevalence of maxillary midline diastema was greater in African populations than among Caucasians or Asian [21]. Another research reported that a maxillary midline diastema (MMD) occurrence among African Americans is more"
(Kyle Cousineau, Tanya Al Talib, Neamat Abubakr Hassan. Retrospective Evaluation of the Prevalence of Diastema among an Adult Population. Open Journal of Stomatology Vol.12 No.6, June 2022)Retrospective Evaluation of the Prevalence of Diastema among an Adult Population
Discover the prevalence and location of diastema among orthodontic patients at UNLV School of Dental Medicine. Explore the impact of ethnicity and arch on diastema cases.www.scirp.org
"According to the study, having mainly African genetic ancestry can reduce a person's chances of finding a donor by up to 60%, and having African copies of HLA genes, which must be compatible with the donor's to make a transplant possible, can reduce them by 75%."
[..]
According to Meyer, the team cannot yet answer the question regarding the degree to which admixture and the percentage of African ancestry hinder a match. "These two things are a little different. What we know is that on average people with African HLA genes tend to have more difficulty than people with European ancestry," he said. "It remains to be seen if there are combinations of European and African chromosomes that can also reduce the probability of a match.”
(Source: News-Medical)
"The study found that white blood cell counts may be low due to a rs2814778-CC variant in the promoter of the atypical chemokine receptor 1-coding gene ACKR1. While this variant is relatively uncommon in individuals of European ancestry, it appears to be found in more than 60 percent of African Americans and is found at especially high frequency in some populations from sub-Saharan Africa.”
(Genomeweb)
“When slaves were brought to the American colonies from west Africa, they often grew various kinds of rice in small gardens to feed themselves. Rice became a cash crop for plantation owners, however, with the advent of a high-quality variety of rice in 1685.”
(Erik Stokstad, Science, American Rice: Out of Africa Slaves may have brought key cash crop with them)Science | AAAS
“Okra originated from the Abyssinian center, an area that includes Ethiopia, a portion of Eritrea, and the eastern, higher part of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The crop was probably taken into Egypt by Moslems from the East who conquered Egypt in the seventh century.”
(Ambayeba Muimba-Kankolongo, Vegetable Production, in Food Crop Production by Smallholder Farmers in Southern Africa, 2018 11.3.1 Origin and Geographic Distribution)Food Crop Production by Smallholder Farmers in Southern Africa
Food Crop Production by Smallholder Farmers in Southern Africa: Challenges and Opportunities for Improvement evaluates traditional cultivati
NoirDynosaur
Yurrrrrrrrrr
Most of the roots of Black America such as soul food, traditions, customs, language etc are birthed from these people.
The song "Kumbaya" is a traditional Gullah song.
When people ask does Black America have a culture? Point to the Gullah Geeche
They are unapologetically black they retained their roots due to their location. Remember, most Europeans cannot endure in high climate areas.
Majority of the Gullah Geeche's culture is hidden from mainstream America. Why? Because any story of successful black people revolting from being passive and resistant is not palatable to the colonizer.
More black folks should travel to the sea island they get a historical tour
They are confusing African ancestry with that of the Lapita people.
Genomic insights into the peopling of the Southwest Pacific - Nature
Analysis of ancient DNA from four individuals who lived in Vanuatu and Tonga between 2,300 and 3,100 years ago suggests that the Papuan ancestry seen in present-day occupants of this region was introduced at a later date.
www.nature.com
And at the same time they ignore these facts:
Whereas: “All Native American mtDNA can be traced back to five Haplogroups called A, B, C, D, and X. More specifically, Native American mtDNA belongs to sub-haplogroups that are unique to the Americas and not found in Asia or Europe: A2, B2, C1, D1, and X2a (with minor groups C4c, D2, D3, and D4h3)”
The Six Founding Native American Mothers - The Genetic Genealogist
If you’re interested in DNA, Native American History, or genetic genealogy, then you’re undoubtedly heard of a new paper from PLoS ONE called “The Phylogeny of the Four Pan-American mtDNA Haplogroups: Implications for Evolutionary and Disease Studies.” The authors, from… Continue reading →
thegeneticgenealogist.com
Ancient DNA From Frozen Hair May Untangle Eskimo Roots
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.320.5880.1146b