Cole Zwicker,
46 mins ago 0 15 min read
The NBA is a shooting league, especially for perimeter players. This rings true for both stars and role player types. As a top-tier perimeter creator with wing size, unless you’re an initiator who gets to the rim at will via size, strength and speed (LeBron James, Ben Simmons) or a Giannis Antetokounmpo level finisher around the basket, odds are you need to shoot. It’s no surprise that elite level shot-makers like Kevin Durant and Kawhi Leonard comprise the archetype of player that can still hold immense offensive value despite not initiating their respective offenses on most possessions.
This shooting sentiment is every bit as important for role players who can’t add the same creation and playmaking value as their star counterparts. The easiest way to add offensive value in an off-ball, secondary role for a wing in the NBA is to shoot, and more specifically, to shoot 3s. It’s a self-evident concept, but an important one as we project perimeter players, and for purpose of this piece, wings, into the NBA. For most every case involving these perimeter types, the analysis process has to start from a shooting foundation and trickle down from there.
How draftniks traditionally calibrate shooting statistically is via 3-point percentage, 3-point volume, 3-point attempt rate, free throw percentage and free throw volume in some order. This makes sense from an on paper standpoint, especially because most of us lack the expertise to really analyze shot mechanics intricately and effectively on film, rendering these stats the more accessible recourse. But the traditional shooting statistical analysis process doesn’t capture important nuances that weigh heavily on a prospect’s shot projection. These nuances come in the form of shot distance (NBA 3-point range attempts) and perhaps most importantly, shot diversity.
How functional a player’s shot is in a diverse amount of ways is a critical input to projecting shooting. If a player can shoot off movement without having his feet set or shoot off the dribble, it enhances the amount of gravity that player has on the floor as a scoring threat and allows that player to partake in a more diverse amount of offensive sets. Efficient and high-volume stationary catch-and-shoot 3-point shooters still carry value, but players who can convert shots efficiently in a myriad of ways carry more value due to their expanded usage in an offense and the enhanced gravity they create.
We see this idea consistently manifest in the NBA with wings in this 3&D archetype. Paul George exceeds the traditional parameters of 3&D due some to his ability to handle competently and pass respectably, but he really eclipses these confines mostly due to the shot diversity he provides off movement and off the dribble. There are multiple attributes that separate George from the traditional 3&D prototype, Danny Green, with the main culprit (outside of dribbling) being George’s shot is more functional off movement, allowing for increased efficiency and volume here:
2017/18 Half Court Wing Off-Screen Play Type Possessions Per Game (Non-Inclusive)
As the following montage illustrates, George can consistently operate as a shooter off floppy actions, down screens, pin-down curls and flares, a combination that is a pillar of Oklahoma City’s offense:
George’s size (conservatively 6-foot-9), high release point, footwork and balance shooting off motion makes him a nightmare guard on these actions with the ability to shoot over the top of defenders.
Khris Middleton is another tall wing player in this general archetype who can really be leveraged in these types of actions:
Middleton isn’t as effective as George in these settings (or as a shooter overall) and more of his screen actions are run for mid-range shots, but you can still see the value Middleton adds as an off movement shooting cog in Milwaukee’s offense.
On the opposite side of the pendulum as George is Green, who has some off movement shooting acumen via down screen and flare actions, but his shot isn’t as functional due some to size but also balance:
Green needs more time and space than George and Middleton, and relies more on forward momentum getting square to the basket. Green is still capable here, but his shot isn’t as diverse as some of his other counterparts, limiting the versatility he can provide San Antonio’s offense as a shooter.
The second component to shot diversity beyond off movement shooting is pull-up shooting, and the two often operate in concert. I’ve talked ad nauseam about the importance of off the dribble shooting over the past two years. It’s elicited responses typically in form of “why is taking bad shots deserving of this much attention?” The truth is that even the best NBA teams at the highest levels of play take and have to take bad shots routinely. You’re not going to get an open spot up corner 3 on every possession, and with how switch-oriented that league has become, you need multiple players who can make bad shots off the dribble. This is where the league is going (and probably already is), and it’s the one skill you can most often point to that really differentiates the elites (stars and role players) from the pack.
This again holds true for this 3&D plus grouping, where George and Middleton types can add more value to an offense via self-creation shooting than a player like Green or Robert Covington:
2017/18 Half Court Wing Off The Dribble Shooting Play Type Possessions Per Game (Non-Inclusive)
There are numerous differentiating factors between George’s functionality as a pull-up shooter compared to someone like Green. The stark difference could be attributed mostly to ball-handling ability, with Green’s inability to dribble limiting his volume ceiling in this capacity. Other factors consist of height, mechanics (release point), balance, body control, momentum (forward versus backward), and quickness/smoothness of the transition from handling the ball into the shot. You can attribute the difference in effectiveness to any or all of these factors. The key takeaway is that there is a significant difference within this player type.
George’s handling ability and fluidity as a pull-up shooter allows him to partake in a diverse amount of play types such as pick-and-rolls and isolations, giving him avenues to contribute to an offense as a self-creator:
Similar to George, Middleton sees heavy usage as a pull-up shooter in Milwaukee’s offense, and his ability to shoot over the top of defenders (again similar to George) is a tremendous asset:
Middleton would do well to rein in his shot selection some on contested mid-range pull-ups when higher value shots are available earlier in the clock, but his shot-making diversity in a pinch is key.
Lastly, Green exemplifies the less versatile pull-up shooting contingent. While he is again capable of making these pull-ups in a pinch, they are more limited in application and often require him to square up with more time and space like in the following setting:
This analysis might seem overly simplistic, but it’s important to suss out what differentiates certain wing players from others as shooters, especially as it relates to how we project players into the league from lower levels.
Up to this point, most of the emphasis of wing shot diversity has been placed on significance in the NBA using examples to draw out reasons for effectiveness and underline differences in utility. But in terms of prospect projection for wings (or any position), shot diversity is also a significant and useful
indicator as it relates to our confidence level (non-statistically) of a prospect’s shot translating to the league.
In the 2018 class, Mikal Bridges is the poster boy for this wing archetype among active college players (Michael Porter if he defends is the guy here). Bridges has traditionally been pigeon-holed into a more conservative 3&D outcome range given his role on past Villanova teams usage wise and passive shooting confidence pre-junior year. But his development as a diverse shooter this season alters and enhances that conservative projection.
For statistical context as an off screen shooter, Bridges doesn’t have dynamic usage like Malik Monk or Klay Thompson in the past, but he’s been given expanded opportunities this season and has been efficient:
Mikal Bridges Career Half Court Off-Screen Play Type
Bridges’ usage here actually isn’t uncommonly low for a prospect of his archetype:
Off-Screen Play Type (Half Court; Sorted By Possessions)
As with most stats, context is crucial and small sample variance in terms of effectiveness should be viewed cautiously. The biggest statistical takeaway here is probably volume-based. We can see players like Khris Middleton and Kawhi Leonard sport higher volume off screen distributions in college, and that component of their respective games has translated. Of course, play types are almost always influenced by scheme, circumstance and role, but seeing that a prospect is utilized this way is useful at surface level. The tape is more illustrative of the specifics here, especially when it concerns small samples, and the tape buttresses the stats as it concerns Bridges taking a noticeable step this year as an off movement shooter.
Bridges’ breakout game spotlighting his off movement shooting was his most recent game against Xavier. The following shot might be the most important input we’ve had from Bridges all season as it relates to his NBA ceiling:
Bridges sprints left, hops into the pass under control, and elevates over the top of the contest of NBA two-guard sized J.P. Macura. That’s an NBA level shot… that Bridges executed again about 40 seconds later the same game:
We simply can’t ignore shooting flashes like these, as they’re pivotal to truly capturing Bridges’ ceiling as a shot-maker.
Aiding Bridges’ positive shooting projection is his intersection of height and high release point. That combination allows Bridges to shoot over the top of similarly sized players, unearthing the kind of actions he can be utilized in when you include the ability to shoot off movement. The following pin-down curl attempt against Xavier is reminiscent of the kind of shot the Bucks design for Middleton to take:
Jay Wright uses this same design routinely, as we see the same pin-down curl set for Bridges against Butler, but this time Bridges shows the ability to get off a respectable look with backward momentum via a fadeaway over a contest:
He missed the shot of course, but the process here is the more important takeaway, and we see him convert a similar attempt against Temple:
Another key here is that Bridges showed the ability to come off a pin-down and curl both directions from both sides of the floor, expanding his versatility and utilization possibilities.
Often times in college due to scheme we don’t get many set plays in live action with bigger wing players especially coming off screens. A valuable source to simulate this kind of action thus becomes baseline out-of-bounds designed plays that have an off motion component. Bridges gives us another peak behind the curtain of his potential shot diversity upside against Creighton sprinting left, hard-planting off the 1-2 and elevating over Khyri Thomas on the BLOB play:
And again against Marquette and 6-foot-8 forward Sam Houser:
Bridges adds to his shot-making versatility in the following clip, showing the IQ to read his man trying to shoot the gap on the down screen and fading to the corner with plus footwork to get his shot off quickly with a slight backward lean:
Being as athletic and long as Bridges is and being utilized off screens this way also unearths above the rim finishing opportunities like the following back cut:
We’re again only talking a small sample here, but the film in terms of process is convincing as it relates to Bridges’ potential shooting off motion.
The numbers don’t speak as highly of Mikal’s pull-up ability in terms of efficiency:
Mikal Bridges Career Half Court Off The Dribble Shooting
But again, context, and historical context especially, is required to give the numbers meaning:
College Wings Off The Dribble Shooting (Half Court; Sorted By Possessions)
We can see Bridges doesn’t stand out either via volume or efficiency, but neither did Paul George. Also, if you want another indicator of Kawhi’s off the dribble shot-making ability, you have it here (same with Middleton), focusing more on the
ability to do it at volume rather than the result.
The flashes on film are a little kinder to Bridges as a pull-up shooter. When he has a size advantage as he does here against 6-foot-4 Butler guard Henry Baddley, he shows the comfort and fluidity to shoot over the top in a face up situation: