The exact origins of Al-Akhdam are uncertain. One popular account holds that they are descendants of
Nilotic Sudanese people who accompanied the
Abyssinian army during the latter's occupation of Yemen in the pre-
Islamic period. Once the Abyssinian troops were finally expelled at the start of the Muslim era, some of the Sudanese migrants are said to have remained behind, giving birth to the Akhdam. Another theory maintains that they are of
Veddoid origin.
[2]
Anthropologists such as Vombruck suggest that
Yemen's history and social hierarchy that developed under various regimes, including the
Zaydi Imamate, created a caste-like society.
[4] The Al-Akhdam formed a kind of hereditary caste at the very bottom of Yemeni social strata.
[5] Intermarriage was also traditionally not practiced, as the Al-Akhdam were deemed
untouchables.
[2] Though their social conditions have improved somewhat in modern times, Al-Akhdam are still stereotyped by mainstream Yemeni society; they have been called lowly, dirty and immoral.
[6] They also tend to work menial jobs.
[3]
Studies by Al-Serouri et al. report lower education among the Al-Akhdam. Additionally, due to a poorer understanding of HIV risks, group members also have higher reported rates and risks of contracting HIV infections.
[7]
Many
NGOs and charitable organizations from other countries such as
CARE International are reportedly working toward improving the living circumstances of the Akhdam.
[8] However, Huda Sief disputes the extent of these efforts.
[9]