In 1980, Congress established the
Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) to study the matter. On February 24, 1983, the commission issued a report entitled
Personal Justice Denied, condemning the internment as unjust and motivated by racism and xenophobic ideas rather than real military necessity.
[117] The Commission recommended that $20,000 in reparations be paid to those Japanese Americans who had been victims of internment.
U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the
Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which granted reparations for the internment of Japanese Americans.
In 1988, U.S. President
Ronald Reagan signed the
Civil Liberties Act of 1988, which had been sponsored by Representative
Norman Mineta and Senator
Alan K. Simpson – the two had met while Mineta was interned at
Heart Mountain Relocation Center in
Wyoming – which provided redress of $20,000 for each surviving detainee, totaling $1.2 billion. The question of to whom reparations should be given, how much, and even whether monetary reparations were appropriate were subjects of sometimes contentious debate.
[118]
On September 27, 1992, the Civil Liberties Act Amendments of 1992, appropriating an additional $400 million to ensure all remaining internees received their $20,000 redress payments, was signed into law by President George H. W. Bush, who also issued another formal apology from the U.S. government on December 7, 1991, on the very day of the 50th-Anniversary of the
Pearl Harbor Attack:
"In remembering, it is important to come to grips with the past. No nation can fully understand itself or find its place in the world if it does not look with clear eyes at all the glories and disgraces of its past. We in the United States acknowledge such an injustice in our history. The internment of Americans of Japanese ancestry was a great injustice, and it will never be repeated."
Some Japanese and Japanese Americans who were relocated during World War II received compensation for property losses, according to a 1948 law. Congress appropriated $38 million to meet $131 million of claims from among 23,000 claimants.[119] These payments were disbursed very slowly, the final disbursal occurring in 1965.[119] In 1988, following lobbying efforts by Japanese Americans, $20,000 per internee was paid out to individuals who had been interned or relocated, including those who chose to return to Japan. These payments were awarded to 82,210 Japanese Americans or their heirs at a cost of $1.6 billion; the program's final disbursement occurred in 1999.
[13]