The earliest record of African and Native American contact occurred in April 1502, when the first enslaved African arrived in Hispaniola. Some escaped inland on Santo Domingo; those who survived and joined with the natives became the first circle of Black Indians.
[7][8] In addition, the first example of African slaves' escaping from European colonists and being absorbed by Native Americans was recorded in 1526. In June of that year, Lucas Vasquez de Ayllón established a Spanish colony near the mouth of the
Pee Dee River in what is now eastern
South Carolina. The Spanish settlement was named
San Miguel de Gualdape. Among the inhabitants were 100 enslaved Africans. In 1526, the first enslaved African fled the colony and took refuge with local Native Americans.
[8]
Intermarriage between enslaved African and Native Americans began in the early 17th century in the coastal settlements.
[10] In 1622 Native Americans overran the European colony of Jamestown. They killed the Europeans but brought the African slaves as captives back to their communities, gradually integrating them.
[11] Interracial relationships occurred between African Americans and members of other tribes in the coastal states.
[10] Several colonial advertisements for runaway slaves made direct reference to the connections which Africans had in Native American communities.
For example, "Reward notices in colonial newspapers now told of African slaves who 'ran off with his Indian wife' or 'had kin among the Indians' or is 'part-Indian and speaks their language good.'"
[12][13]
In South Carolina, colonists were so concerned about the possible threat posed by the mixed African and Native American population that was arising due to runaways, that they passed a new law in 1725. This law stipulated a fine of 200 pounds for persons bringing a slave to the frontier regions. In 1751 South Carolina passed a law against holding Africans in proximity to Native Americans, which was deemed detrimental to the security of the colony.
In 1726 the British governor of
colonial New York exacted a promise from the
Iroquois Confederacy to return all runaway slaves. He required the same from the
Huron tribe in 1764 and the
Delaware tribe in 1765.
[11] Despite their agreements, the tribes never returned any escaped slaves.
[11] They continued to provide a safe refuge for escaped slaves. In 1763 during
Chief Pontiac's uprising, a Detroit resident reported that Native Americans killed
whites but were "saving and caressing all the Negroes they take." He worried lest this might "produce an insurrection." Chief
Joseph Brant's
Mohawk in New York welcomed runaway slaves and encouraged adoption of them into the tribe and intermarriage.
[11] The Native American adoption systems knew no color line.
[11] Carter G. Woodson notion of an escape hatch from slavery proved correct: Native American villages welcomed fugitive slaves and some served as stations on the
Underground Railroad.
[11]
During the transitional period of Africans' becoming the primary race enslaved, Native Americans were sometimes enslaved at the same time.
Africans and Native Americans worked together, lived together in communal quarters, produced collective recipes for food, and shared herbal remedies, myths and legends. Some intermarried and had mixed-race children.
[14] Ads asked for the return of both African American and Native American slaves. Some Native Americans resented the presence of Africans.
[15] In one description, the "Catawaba tribe in 1752 showed great anger and bitter resentment when an African American came among them as a trader."
[15]
European and European-Americans actively tried divide Native Americans and African Americans against each other. "Whites sought to convince Native Americans that African Americans worked against their best interests."[16] Europeans considered both races inferior and made efforts to make Native Americans and Africans enemies.
[17] Native Americans were rewarded if they returned escaped slaves, and African Americans were rewarded for fighting in
Indian Wars.
[17][18][19] European colonists told the Cherokee that the
smallpox epidemic of 1739 was due to disease brought by African slaves, to create tension between the groups.
[20] The British tried to restrict contact between Africans and Native Americans. They feared Native Americans taking enslaved Africans as spouses and tried to discourage trade between the groups. The British also passed laws prohibiting the carrying of slaves into the frontier of the Cherokee Nation's territory to restrict interactions between the two groups.
[20] Some tribes were said to encourage marriage between the two groups, to create stronger children from the unions.
[21]
In 1758 the governor of South Carolina James Glen stated:
It has always been the policy of this government to create an aversion in them Indians to Negroes.
[20]
In the 18th century, some Native American women turned to freed or runaway African men due to a major decline in the male population in Native American villages. At the same time, the early enslaved African population was disproportionately male. Records show that some Native American women bought African men as slaves. Unknown to European sellers, the women freed and married the men into their tribe. Some African men chose Native American women as their partners because their children would be free, as the child's status followed that of the mother. The men could marry into some of the
matrilineal tribes and be accepted, as their children were still considered to belong to the mother's people. As European expansion increased in the Southeast, African and Native American marriages became more numerous