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MajesticLion

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TIL "otolaryngology":ehh:




Scientists finally know why people get more colds and flu in winter

CNN —

A chill is in the air, and you all know what that means — it’s time for cold and flu season, when it seems everyone you know is suddenly sneezing, sniffling or worse. It’s almost as if those pesky cold and flu germs whirl in with the first blast of winter weather.

Yet germs are present year-round — just think back to your last summer cold. So why do people get more colds, flu and now Covid-19 when it’s chilly outside?

In what researchers are calling a scientific breakthrough, scientists behind a new study may have found the biological reason we get more respiratory illnesses in winter. It turns out the cold air itself damages the immune response occurring in the nose.

“This is the first time that we have a biologic, molecular explanation regarding one factor of our innate immune response that appears to be limited by colder temperatures,” said rhinologist Dr. Zara Patel, a professor of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery at Stanford University School of Medicine in California. She was not involved in the new study.

In fact, reducing the temperature inside the nose by as little as 9 degrees Fahrenheit (5 degrees Celsius) kills nearly 50% of the billions of virus and bacteria-fighting cells in the nostrils, according to the study published Tuesday in The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.

“Cold air is associated with increased viral infection because you’ve essentially lost half of your immunity just by that small drop in temperature,” said rhinologist Dr. Benjamin Bleier, director of otolaryngology at Massachusetts Eye and Ear and an associate professor at Harvard Medical School in Boston.

“it’s important to remember that these are in vitro studies, meaning that although it is using human tissue in the lab to study this immune response, it is not a study being carried out inside someone’s actual nose,” Patel said in an email. “Often the findings of in vitro studies are confirmed in vivo, but not always.”


A hornet’s nest

To understand why this occurs, Bleier and his team and coauthor Mansoor Amiji, who chairs the department of pharmaceutical sciences at Northeastern University in Boston, went on a scientific detective hunt.

A respiratory virus or bacteria invades the nose, the main point of entry into the body. Immediately, the front of the nose detects the germ, well before the back of the nose is aware of the intruder, the team discovered.

At that point, cells lining the nose immediately begin creating billions of simple copies of themselves called extracellular vesicles, or EV’s.

“EV’s can’t divide like cells can, but they are like little mini versions of cells specifically designed to go and kill these viruses,” Bleier said. “EV’s act as decoys, so now when you inhale a virus, the virus sticks to these decoys instead of sticking to the cells.”

Those “Mini Me’s” are then expelled by the cells into nasal mucus (yes, snot), where they stop invading germs before they can get to their destinations and multiply.

“This is one of, if not the only part of the immune system that leaves your body to go fight the bacteria and viruses before they actually get into your body,” Bleier said.

Once created and dispersed out into nasal secretions, the billions of EV’s then start to swarm the marauding germs, Bleier said.

“It’s like if you kick a hornet’s nest, what happens? You might see a few hornets flying around, but when you kick it, all of them all fly out of the nest to attack before that animal can get into the nest itself,” he said. “That’s the way the body mops up these inhaled viruses so they can never get into the cell in the first place.”
 

EffYou

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Don’t fukk with that Diablo shyt from arbys :mjcry::sadcam:
 

Unknown Poster

I had to do it to em.
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Confession: I am sick of life.

I would never kill myself though cause too many people would go ballistic, but I'm just sick of the loneliness of my current existence. Like the coli is literally the only thing that's keeping me going now add social media and YouTube.

I don't even talk to real people anymore other than like store clerks.

America just feels so fukking hostile. I just feel hate and unfriendly energy anymore. It's to the point I don't leave my apartment unless I have to. Thank god I work at home.

I don't got nobody in my life outside of immediate family anymore.

No girlfriend or wife
No friends.
Just my phone and laptop and all these websites.
My music career is not going anywhere and I just hope it goes somewhere.
:wow:
Or something goes somewhere.
I just feel like life has passed me by and there's nothing I can do.
I just feel so empty.
:wow:

I don't even know what I am even doing with my life anymore. And I've cut off friends from my past cause I hate the person I used to be.

I just lost so much over the past couple years...
I was homeless living in NYC and still suffer from PTSD
Sold the majority of my stuff and got rid of my sneaker collection.
Was fighting a drug addiction that I overcame.
Been fighting clinical depression for the bettwr part of 15 years.

And worst of all, I just feel like a failure. Just feeling small and insignificant and unaccomplished compared to everyone else.

I'm never gonna find love or get married or have kids.
I just buy things to fill the void deal with the isolation and loneliness.
But evwn sneaker collecting feels depressing cause I think of all the kicks I used to have.
:mjcry:

Maybe I should on a vacation to somewhere.
I just need to be around some love and friendly faces.
I'm sick of living in a place where instead of people greeting me with welcome energy, they get scared or hateful and cross the street.

I just wanna feel some genuine love and positive energy. I haven't felt that in a while.
 

Unknown Poster

I had to do it to em.
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Actually thinks social media is making me depressed and the Internet too.

When i go online, everybody is happy. Nobody is worried about money. Everyone is booed up. Seeing all these couples makes me depressed. That's never gonna happen for me. I gave up on that a while ago.
:wow:
Everybody going on all these vacations, going to all these concerts and festivals, they getting married, and having kids...meanwhile I'm doing nothing except getting old and thinking about the past cause there is nothing to look forward to in the future.

Atleast I can vent here.
And then its like I talk on here, people who don't even know me or met me think they know me...but damn...yall don't know the hell I've been through.
:mjcry:
I've lost so many family members in the past couple of years and I just feel spiritually broken.
Ive been sad but I can't cry...even though I want to.
 

Unknown Poster

I had to do it to em.
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Its crazy how you can put on a mask to your true feelings and fool people.

I feel like I've been putting on this tough facade just as protection...when I really feel like disappearing to another country, and just laying low. Learning a new language. Grown my hair out into dreads. Discovering new places and seeing new faces.

I don't even know where I belong anymore. It definitely does not feel like I belong in America, even though I was born and raised here. This country isn't for me. I don't know what I'm doing here. Just existing. But existence has to be more than this.

I do believe I was put on this planet for bigger and better things, i just need a moment to figure out what that is and reconnect to my purpose...or find one.

Cause I feel like I'm walking around aimless and unfulfilled blaming everyone and everything for my problems except myself.
 

Unknown Poster

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I just don't fit in in America.
Can't believe I'm almost 40 and still having these issues, but nothing has ever popped off for me in the way I wanted it to and then it just makes me think maybe this place just isn't for me. Even though I was born here.
:wow:
 
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