African slaves were worked so hard by French plantation owners that half died within a few years; it was cheaper to import new slaves than to improve working conditions enough to increase survival.[22] The rate of death of slaves on Saint Domingue's plantations was higher than anywhere else in the western hemisphere.[23] Slaves were forced to work 12-hour days.[16] The three main crops were sugar, coffee, and tobacco.[23] Over the French colony's hundred-year course, slavery killed about a million Africans, and thousands more chose suicide.[24] Slaves newly arrived from Africa, particularly women, were especially likely to kill themselves.[25] Some thought that in death they could return home to Africa.[25][26] It was legal for a slaveholder to kill a slave who hit a white person, according to the 1685 Code Noir, a decree by the French king Louis XIV regulating practices of slaves and slavers.[27] Pregnant slaves usually did not survive long enough or have healthy enough pregnancies to have live babies, but if they did the children often died young.[22] Food was insufficient, and slaves were expected to grow and prepare it for themselves on top of their already crushing workload.[27]
Torture of slaves was routine; they were whipped, burned, buried alive, restrained and allowed to be bitten by swarms of insects, mutilated, raped, and had limbs amputated.[22] Slaves caught eating the sugar cane would be forced to wear tin muzzles in the fields.[28]
The Catholic Church condoned of slavery and the practices used in the French colony, viewing the institution as a way to convert Africans to Christianity.[27]
François Mackandal on a 20 gourde coin, 1968
About 48,000 slaves in Saint Domingue managed to escape; slaveholders hired bounty hunters to catch these maroons.[28] Those who were not caught and re-enslaved established communities away from settled areas.[27] Maroons would organize raids called mawonag on plantations.[29] They would steal supplies that their communities needed to survive, such as food, tools, and weapons.[30] One famous maroon, François Mackandal, escaped into the mountains in the middle of the 18th century and went on to plan attacks on plantation owners.[25] Mackandal was caught and burned at the stake in 1758, but his legend lived on to inspire rebellion among slaves—and fear among slaveholders.[31]
In addition to escaping, slaves resisted by poisoning slaveholders, their families, their livestock, and other slaves—this was a common and feared enough occurrence that in December 1746 the French King banned poisoning in particular.[25] Arson was another form of slave resistance.[25]
The rapid rate of death of slaves during this period set the stage for the Haitian revolution by necessitating the import of more slaves from Africa. These were people who had known freedom, and some of whom had been captured as soldiers and had military training. Before the beginning of the French Revolution there were eight times as many slaves in the colony as there were white and mixed-race people put together.[32] In 1789 the French were importing 30,000 slaves a year and there were half a million slaves in the French part of the island alone, compared to about 30,000 whites.[33]