Now you may say that Bay and Inglis are lying; they’re part of the establishment after all, even if they’ve both since retired. I’ve never met Bay, but I can say (as can many other journalists who’ve covered this field) that Inglis was one of the straighter shooters among senior intelligence officials—to which you might dismiss me as a tool or a dupe. That’s your right, but it really doesn’t make sense that a deputy director—the official running the NSA on a day-to-day basis—would have come into contact with a “low-level contractor” (which is what Snowden was during his first job in Hawaii). The agency had plenty of full-time employees that Inglis could have deployed (and did).
In any case, Snowden spent less than two months with Booz Allen before fleeing to Hong Kong. (Thus one bit of dialogue in the film—his supervisor praising him for shutting down 200 Chinese hacking sites in six months—couldn’t be true.) And Snowden later said in his
South China Morning Post interview that he applied for the Booz Allen position because he knew it would give him “access to lists of machines all over the world [that] the NSA hacked”—in other words, the sorts of lists that he downloaded and leaked.
This much is definitely known: He was hired by Booz Allen on April 1, 2013, spent some amount of time getting trained back in Maryland, near the NSA’s Fort Meade headquarters, before returning to Hawaii. He flew to Hong Kong on May 20 after telling his bosses that he needed to undergo tests for epilepsy, and on June 2 checked in at the Mira Hotel in Hong Kong, where he later gave the documents to reporters Laura Poitras and Glenn Greenwald. In other words, he stayed at this analytical post at the NSA just long enough to download the goods that he’d taken the job to get.
One more thing that the film doesn’t mention: While he was still a Dell contractor, Snowden applied for a job with the NSA’s Tailored Access Operations office. TAO is where the agency’s super-elite hackers work. He failed the exam (no shame in that; it’s a famously brutal test). Then he took it again and passed. TAO offered him a job, but he turned it down after learning that first-year TAO officials make a lot less money than contractors. After Snowden fled and NSA security officials conducted forensics analysis of his computer to see what he’d downloaded, they discovered that, using his privileges as a systems administrator, he had
stolen the questions and answers for the TAO exam; that’s why he aced the test the second time. (One positive side of this story: It suggests that Snowden was not a foreign spy, which I’ve never believed he was, in any case. If he had been, his masters would have compensated him handsomely for nabbing a job at TAO, which would have given him access to the crown jewels.)
Reuters (and as later confirmed in an
NSA memo supplied to Congress), Snowden gained access to some of the documents he took by persuading 20 to 25 of his colleagues to give him their logins and passwords, saying he needed the information to check on some technical problems. Most of these officials were subsequently fired for their careless trust.
Finally, how did Snowden wind up in Russia? His story all along has been that he planned to fly from Hong Kong to Moscow, then make a connecting flight to Havana and, from there, travel to Ecuador for asylum—but upon arrival at his first stop, the U.S. State Department revoked his passport, leaving him stranded at Sheremetyevo Airport for a month until the Russian government granted him a visa. (One new twist in the movie is that, after Snowden blew his own cover and left the Hong Kong hotel, he hid out in shantytown apartments rented by refugees who were clients of his lawyer. This is confirmed in a recent, detailed story in the
National Post.)
But there are gaps in this tale. First, look at a globe of the Earth: If you want to fly from Hong Kong to Central America, there are far more efficient routes than going through Moscow. Second, WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange told the
Guardian in 2015 that he’d urged Snowden to go no farther than Russia, where he could best be protected from CIA agents. (It is interesting, in this regard, that Snowden’s flight was arranged by WikiLeaks and that he was accompanied on the plane by WikiLeaks editor Sarah Harrison.) Third, the suspension of his U.S. passport is irrelevant; if the Russians wanted Snowden to leave, they could have issued him a temporary visa, allowing him access to a plane out of the country—and customs officers in Havana could have granted him an entry visa upon his arrival. Fourth, Snowden stayed on in Hong Kong for 12 days after leaving his hotel. Not long after his arrival in Moscow, the Russian newspaper
Kommersant, quoting unnamed foreign ministry officials, reported that Snowden had spent three of those days in Russia’s Hong Kong consulate.
As I said, I do not believe Snowden was a Russian spy when he did his deeds, but I do think it’s possible he was exploited by spies. And it’s certainly the case that he’s now at the mercy of Russian intelligence, or perhaps Vladimir Putin himself, who could cancel or refuse to renew his visa at a moment’s notice. Snowden would have nowhere else to go but home (where the FBI would arrest him upon landing), as President Obama has pressured every other country on the planet to reject appeals for his asylum. Snowden began his stay in Moscow with an
appalling paean to the nations that had offered him support. “These nations, including Russia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Nicaragua, and Ecuador, have my gratitude and respect,” he proclaimed, “for being the first to stand against human rights violations carried out by the powerful.”
He has since criticized the Russian government for spying on its own people—increasingly in recent months. He might be brave for doing this; he also might have thought through the implications of his actions three years ago. (His lawyer in the U.S., Ben Wizner of the American Civil Liberties Union, once told me that the FSB, Russia’s intelligence agency, leaves Snowden alone. This is extremely unlikely. If a Russian or Chinese Snowden took refuge in the United States, the FBI and NSA would be following his every move and keystroke; unless you believe the FSB is a more laissez-faire organization, the same is undoubtedly true of Snowden himself in Moscow.)
Stone’s film ends with some wordless shots of Snowden in Moscow (reportedly outside the dacha of his Russian lawyer). He seems happy. He also comes off as charming, intelligent, and good-natured in the many live, streamed interviews he’s conducted to American audiences—including one beamed to a New York movie theater after a screening on Sept. 14, which I attended. (He was asked questions by
New York magazine’s Matt Zoller Seitz, whose TV criticism I admire, but this interview was a game of softball. It began, “How’s the weather in Moscow?” and the pitches got slower from there.)
But I suspect that, unless Putin or some successor cuts him off, Snowden will spend the rest of his days in Moscow. He has said he’d come home if he could get a “fair trial,” by which he means a trial that takes into account his action’s social benefits. This is unlikely to happen. First, while some of his leaks did have social and political benefits, quite a bit of what he did had no such effect. On Sept. 15, every member of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence signed a
letter to President Obama urging him not to pardon Snowden, attaching the
executive summary of a 36-page classified report, concluding that he “caused tremendous damage to national security” and that “the vast majority of the documents he stole have nothing to do with programs impacting individual privacy interests” but rather “pertain to military, defense, and intelligence programs of great interest to America’s adversaries.”
Yes, it’s likely that the report was timed to coincide with the release of the movie, which Wizner, Snowden’s ACLU lawyer, has said he hopes might transform public perceptions of his client and help build a case for his clemency. But that doesn’t necessarily mean the report’s conclusions are false. Second, any president (even, I suspect, one more leftish than Obama) would have to consider the effect on morale inside the intelligence agencies if an NSA contractor who’d pilfered tens of thousands of documents, fled the country, provided them to reporters without any editing, then flew off to Moscow and lived there for a few years—if this person were pardoned or given clemency because a few dozen of these documents sired a healthy debate about NSA activities and some
modest but useful reforms.
Top Comment
Mr. Burns: Well, if it's a crime to love one's country, then I'm guilty. And if it's a crime to steal a trillion dollars from our government and hand it over to communist Cuba, then I'm guilty of that too.
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Oliver Stone’s movie entertains no such notions, nor does it dabble in the slightest ambiguities about his hero’s nobility or the intelligence agencies’ evil. What about the movie as movie? It lacks the zest of
JFK or
Nixon (much less
Born on the Fourth of Julyor
Natural Born Killers). Half of the plot is a love story, about Snowden and his girlfriend Lindsay Mills (who now lives with him in Moscow), which might be fine, but the situations and dialogue are clichéd, and the two actors (Joseph Gordon-Levitt, who plays his part very convincingly and charmingly, and Shailene Woodley, who doesn’t) have no chemistry. The scenes at the CIA and NSA manage at once to be overblown and undramatic. It’s a bore.
The film is structured around Snowden’s meeting with Poitras and Greenwald in his hotel room in Hong Kong. This was covered in Poitras’ Oscar-winning documentary
Citizenfour, which, despite my
qualms about its substance, is a much better, more suspenseful, even riveting film. That’s the one to watch. This one’s a fairy tale poorly told.