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Diagnosing the root of Atlanta's historic apathy toward its NBA franchise has long been a discussion among the city's sports fans and amateur sociologists.
The snarling traffic is often cited. Some say Atlanta is a city of transplants who brought their loyalties to other teams with them. There's the loser theory, too: Fans in Atlanta don't connect to the Hawks because the team hasn't been to the NBA's final four since 1969. The roster hasn't featured a bona fide superstar since
Dominique Wilkins was shipped out of town in 1994. And the problem of the Hawks' ownership can't be understated, a group that's been consumed by in-fighting, lawsuits, messy buyouts and, more recently, inflammatory racial comments made by co-owner Bruce Levenson and general manager
Danny Ferry.
Overcoming this confluence hasn't been easy for the franchise, but the fan base in Atlanta is gradually starting to take to the Hawks, their likable core of players and their fluid, pass-happy, Spurs-style offense under the direction of coach
Mike Budenholzer. Attendance through 18 games at Philips Arena is up more than an average of 2,000 fans per game, to 16,015, over the same number of dates last season. An organization that, four months ago, was consumed by the fallout from Levenson and Ferry will soon have a new owner who will have an opportunity to carry the momentum forward.
But as has long been tradition in this transient city, it's an uphill climb to fill Philips Arena night in and night out and, consequently, attract the kind of name superstars who could put the Hawks on the map.
LeBron James never considered Atlanta.
Pau Gasol turned down a heftier offer than he received in Chicago. And that was before owner Levenson's email buried the franchise even deeper in the consciousness of the league.
As the on-court product continues its surprising ascension up the league standings, behind the scenes one of the historically most racially backward front offices in the NBA is attempting to make sports business history by embracing black fans more meaningfully than any other major pro sports team.
"If this doesn't work," says Hawks CEO Steve Koonin, "blow me out."
The Alpharetta Unicorn
When Koonin -- then only months into the job -- first read owner Bruce Levenson's
now infamous email urging the team to be more welcoming to stereotypical white fans, he found the owner's take personally reprehensible.
He also found it to be precisely the opposite of what his research said, and counter to the approach the Hawks are pursuing to this day.
The notion that Levenson's "40-year-old white guy" from Atlanta's suburbs would come to Hawks games if the team would play Lynyrd Skynyrd or put more white faces on the "kiss cam" rang entirely untrue.
Long before the Levenson email became public --
for which he later apologized in a statement -- Koonin, who owns a small share of the team, and the Hawks' marketing and branding staff created a name for this line of thinking, and its creature of fantasy has become shorthand in the Hawks' offices in Centennial Tower.
"We call this the Alpharetta Unicorn," said Koonin. "This is the 55-year-old guy who's going to drive an hour from Alpharetta into the city with three buddies to go to the Hawks game. He doesn't exist. And there is no music, no kiss cam, no cheerleaders, no shooting for a free car, no bobbleheads ... nothing is going to change that."
In other words, the Hawks are coming as close to a write-off of the suburban white fan as a team possibly can.
Unlike any other city
Whatever the Hawks have done in the past, it clearly has not worked. Somehow an NBA-mad city cares almost not at all for its local team.
Atlanta consistently has some of the highest television ratings in the nation for the NBA Finals, All-Star Game and the like. When the Knicks, Lakers, Celtics, Bulls and Team LeBron come to town, Philips Arena is packed, with fans rooting for the opposition.
Atlanta isn't a lousy pro basketball town -- it's a lousy Hawks town.
AP Photo/John BazemoreA racist email by Bruce Levenson forced him to sell the Hawks and the Hawks to think differently.
Among the 122 big-four sports teams in North America, no brand may be more anemic in its local market than the Hawks. According to the ESPN Sports Poll, only 20 percent of respondents in the Atlanta area who identify themselves as NBA fans name the Hawks as their favorite team.
"There is no conversation about the Hawks in the barbershop," former Hawks guard and local pastor
John Battle said. "They're talking about the Falcons."
That condition is even more true among African-American NBA fans in Atlanta; only 14 percent call the Hawks their team.
Levenson's approach clearly wouldn't help there. Battle asks, "How can you tell a person that someone doesn't want to sit by you because you scare them?"
The Hawks have fewer than 5,500 full season-ticket holders, and that includes corporate accounts whose seats are often unfilled on game nights. By contrast, the
Golden State Warriors -- a team with a dismal history that plays in an old concrete slab of a building in a location far less attractive than the site of Philips Arena -- have 14,500 full season-ticket holders with a lengthy wait list, and the market demand existed long before the Splash Brothers hit the Bay Area.
The empty stands don't help the team recruit free agents either. "All things being equal, it's not a place you choose to play unless there's a good reason," said one agent. "They just don't rate."
This brings into focus a stubborn paradox: The Hawks won't attract top talent until the building is full of Hawks fans ... but the building won't be full of Hawks fans until the Hawks have top talent.
"Talent is the foundation of all of this," Koonin said. "Every question about branding, season-ticket pricing and whatnot needs to return to the question: What will attract the best talent?"
Jimmy Carter and Lou Hudson
That the Hawks sit in the middle of Atlanta's racial divide is as old as the team.
Know how Jimmy Carter first vaulted into statewide office in Georgia in 1970?
It may have had something to do with a leaflet his supporters distributed showing his opponent, Carl Sanders, being doused with champagne by former Hawks swingman Sweet Lou Hudson after the Hawks clinched the Western Division title.
Steve Brill first told the story in a 1976 issue of Harpers magazine: In the spring of 1970, two years after he and Atlanta developer Tom Cousins moved the Hawks from St. Louis to Atlanta, Sanders was in the midst of a campaign to retake the governor's mansion.
A couple of months after a photo of the celebration was printed in the paper, leaflets of the shot were distributed to white Baptist congregations and at white barbershops.
Though he won greater than 90 percent of the black vote, Sanders lost the primary to Carter by 11 points.
More than four decades before any documents were produced pleading for a Philips Arena kiss cam with fewer black smoochers or implying black players are shady, if you wanted to race-bait your political opponent in Georgia, you circulated an image of him fraternizing with large black men wearing Atlanta Hawks uniforms.
So when MARTA, Atlanta's rapid-transit system, is regarded as a nonstarter in Atlanta for fans of a certain generation who gripe about traffic ("Moving Africans Rapidly Through Atlanta"), or the environment at the game seems alien, or the product on the court feels just a little "too black," there's a traceable history.
The Tyler Perry Effect
Prior to Koonin's arrival in the Hawks' executive offices last spring, his association with the NBA had been primarily on the marketing side, first with Coca-Cola, then at Turner, where the median age of TBS and TNT viewers dropped sharply and viewership became much more diverse during his tenure as president.
While at Turner, Koonin bought and marketed "Tyler Perry's House of Payne," which became a tentpole for that growing audience.
When he landed at the Hawks, Koonin brought in Jon Marks, who, with help of Hawks vice president of brand strategy Melissa Proctor, put together a 115-page PowerPoint presentation on every facet of the Atlanta market and the people who live in it. They held focus groups across the street from Centennial Tower. All the numbers and testimonials told Koonin the same thing:
AP Photo/David GoldmanDespite a tumultuous offseason off the court, the Hawks have surged to the top of the East.
"Our bull's-eye is Atlanta proper -- African-Americans and millennials," Koonin said. "There are 2 million millennials in the area. Our other audience is African-Americans, which are 59 percent of the city of Atlanta."
As the data started to emerge, many of the discoveries produced from the experience with "House of Payne" resurfaced. Perry had wanted the show to transcend race and capture the widest audience possible for the syndication deal. He introduced white characters and broadened some of the themes, but the composition of the audience wouldn't budge.
"We tried to make 'House of Payne' more white, but trying to change the character of the show couldn't happen and wouldn't happen," Koonin said. "You can't expand to an audience that's not willing to be expanded to. That's true whether you're talking about a sitcom or the Hawks."
Twice a week on summer nights, Koonin assembled more informal focus groups at his house in Buckhead composed of his 27-year-old son, David, and a diverse group of his millennial friends and co-workers, fans and non-fans. Koonin hooked up his iPad to a 65-inch Apple TV and asked the millennials their impressions of various marketing proposals.
Over beer and homemade bagel bites, they weighed in on everything from potential smartphone Hawks apps to mockups of new team uniforms that look like a cross between something a Marvel superhero would wear and the Oregon football unis (which the research said millennials are nuts about, even if your dad thinks they're hideous).
"I wanted to get confirmation because I wasn't the target," Koonin said. "When I worked in television, I was much more of the target demographic and I could relate to the product and there was a gut sense of what worked. With the Hawks, I'm a middle-aged white Buckhead executive talking about African-Americans and millennials."
The responses from the living room research lab corroborated Koonin's experience at Turner, and his hunch that the best branding strategies going forward for the Hawks would be ones that directly contradicted the ideas in Levenson's email -- which Koonin and team knew well before that missive was leaked on Sept. 7.
AP Photo/David GoldmanHawk CEO Steve Koonin is trying to forever change the way the team sells itself to its Atlanta fanbase.
Dinner high above Atlanta
Barely 48 hours later, Koonin hosted a dinner. Fifty floors above Midtown Atlanta in the well-appointed dining room of the law firm Alston & Bird, Koonin's guests included the Hawks' senior vice president of external affairs, David Lee; African-American political luminary Ambassador Andrew Young; businessman Greg Baranco; Raphael Warnock of the historic Ebenezer Baptist Church; and the firm's three lead lawyers investigating the Levenson affair.
At the dinner, Ambassador Young told Koonin and Lee that one of the intrinsic issues with African-American fans and the NBA is price. The product is expensive. The Hawks could perform all the outreach in the world, but those efforts would ring false if tickets weren't affordable.
"What I said was, the Falcons have one of the most integrated stadiums in the world on Sunday afternoon," Young said. "People come with their families, and the key is that you can afford eight games a season, but very few people can afford 40 games."
Young's comments informed the Hawks' approach going forward, not only with African-Americans but with millennial fans who didn't have the income of Alpharetta Unicorns.