After being asked a gentle first question at his daily post-race press conference, Pogacar faced a more difficult query. “Tadej, yesterday Jonas [Vingegaard] was asked about the carbon monoxide rebreathing technique, are you familiar with this? Have you ever used it?”
“I heard this, I was thinking about car exhausts, I don’t know. I don’t know much about it. I have no comment on it. I don’t know what it is. I was always thinking it is what goes out of the exhaust of the car. Maybe I am just uneducated.”
Perhaps. Soon after, Pogacar’s UAE team, responding to a question from The Times, said the team does in fact use carbon monoxide rebreathing to measure haemoglobin mass and that this technique has been used in altitude training and research for more than 20 years. “It is a well established, safe, professional method that is backed by a very large amount of research,” the team said in a statement. “It is used widely by athletes, climbers and other persons who are exposed to altitude for professional sports or other physical activities.”
The team pointed out the carbon monoxide test is the only means of accurately measuring haemoglobin mass and this allows the team to assess how their athletes are responding to altitude training. The test is carried out by Dr Irina Zelenkova from the University of Zaragoza, an expert in this field. According to the team, the test is done on every rider at the beginning and end of each block of altitude training.
Using carbon monoxide to measure haemoglobin mass is not banned and is not considered doping. However, it is a poisonous gas and using it, even under the strictest medical control, on healthy young athletes is going to be considered controversial by some. The issue has arisen following the publication of an investigation into the use of carbon monoxide rebreathing and the potential abuse of carbon monoxide exhalation by a US-based cycling website Escape Collective.
According to the Escape piece, UAE Team Emirates, Visma-Lease a Bike and Israel-Premier Tech all do carbon monoxide rebreathing tests to measure haemoglobin. Other teams don’t. “It’s not something we have ever done or would do,” Jonathan Vaughters, chief executive of the EF Education First-Easy Post team, said. “I don’t see how knowing haemoglobin mass is going to be that valuable.”
The danger is that if the Detalo Blood Volume Analyser or any similar device falls into the hands of the unscrupulous, it could be used for carbon monoxide inhalation, leading to hypoxia and the body’s natural response to this would be to create more red cells. “There is no hard evidence that WorldTeams are using CO inhalation for performance enhancement,” Ronan McLaughlin wrote in his piece for Escape Collective. “But their exploration of the technique alone makes it more likely that someone else will cross that line, and both scientists and team officials Escape spoke with voiced concern about the potential for abuse.