It's Black History Month in HL brehs....

Scientific Playa

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Dr. Joyce Yerwood, community leader, physician and inspiration

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Dr. Joyce Yerwood was the founder of the city's first black community center, which today bears her name.

27 years ago

Oct. 2, 1987: Dr. Joyce Yerwood, who nurtured the sick for 42 years and administered an enduring dose of inspiration to Stamford's black community, died in her Old Greenwich home at the age of 78.

Yerwood, a family doctor, was Fairfield County's first black woman physician.

Her most visible contribution to the city was her role in founding the community center that would bear her name.

According to friends, the story of the Yerwood Center started with a child's statement. While talking to a group of children shortly before starting her practice, one of them said to her, "You're a colored doctor. I never knew that a colored woman could be a doctor."

Yerwood, her friends said, then realized that black people in the community needed someone to make them aware of how much they could accomplish. In essence, she began a second practice, serving as teacher and role model for generations of Stamford children.

Born in Texas, Yerwood graduated from Meharry Medical College in Tennesse and then moved to Stamford with her husband, Dr. Joseph L. Carwin, a community leader for whom Carwin Park is named.
 

Sinnerman

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Kanem-Bornu Empire

The Kanem-Bornu Empire existed in Africa, established around 1200 and lasting, in a changed form until the 1840s. At its height it encompassed an area covering modern southern Libya, Chad, northeasternNigeria, and eastern Niger.
The original empire was called Kanem and grew out of a coalition of chiefdoms near Lake Chad, located on the trade routes that linked sub-Saharan Africa with the Middle East. But a group called the Kanuri migrated into the Kanem area in the 1100s and in the 13th C the Kanuri began to conquer the surrounding areas. The main expansion occurred under Mai (King) Dunama Dibbalemi of the Sefuwa (Saifawa?) dynasty, who reigned from 1221 to 1259. He was the first of the Kanuri to convert to Islam and he declared jihad against the surrounding tribes and initiated an extended period of conquest. After consolidating their territory around Lake Chad they struck north at the Fezzan (Libya) and west at the Hausa lands (Nigeria).

This expansion was to protect the trade routes to the north. As the trade grew as did the power of the Kanuri Empire. In return for fabrics, salt, minerals and slaves, they received copper, guns, and horses. At the greatest extent, the Kanuri controlled a large strategic chunk of northern Africa. All the trade routes in north Africa had to pass through this territory. The culture of the Kanuri changed as their wealth increased, they gradually moved from a nomadic lifestyle into sedentary lifestyle build around urban centres, such as Njimi the first capital of the empire.

Following the death of Dunama Dibbalemi, internal rivalries began to seriously affect the empire. However in the early 1400s the Sefuwa dynasty reorientated from Kanem to Bornu, a kingdom to the west of Lake Chad. But it took until 1500 for the empire to regain its footing. The reign of Mai Ali Gaji (1497 - 1515) ended the internal division within the Empire, his forces recaptured the old capital Njima from the rebel Bulala dynasty, but he established a new capital at Ngazargamu. This revival coincided with the collapse of the Songhai Empire, creating an lucky opportunity into which the Kanem-Bornu stepped.

The Kanuri grew powerful enough during the reign of Mai Idris Alooma (1575-1610) to re-establish authority in the Fezzan area and the Hausa lands using a army equipped with muskets supplied by the Ottomans. Idris Alawma was another fervent Muslim, he saw his position as a mandate to spread Islam across Africa and internal jihads were launched to convert non-muslim subjects. He also set out the political and administrative foundations for the empire that was to last another 250 years.

The empire finally collapsed in the 1840s, it had been challenged by the growing anti-Muslim power of the Hausa states (see Usman dan Fodio) for many years (the Kanem capital had been destroyed in 1808) and the arrival of the colonial powers was the final blow. The empire was absorbed into the Wadai kingdom in 1846.

The history of the Kanuri from Mai Dunama Dibbalemi onwards is known from the Diwan (Royal Chronicles) discovered in 1850 by H Barth, a German archeologist.

The Kanem-Bornu Empire was a large African state which existed from the 9th century through the end of the 19th century and which spanned a region which today includes the modern-day countries of Niger, Chad, Cameroon, and Nigeria. The empire was founded by the Zaghawa nomadic people, who may have been the first in the central Sudan to acquire and make use of iron technology and horses.

The empire was first mentioned by Arab chroniclers in the 9th century, and by the 10th century the ruler of Kanem had control of the Kawar Oases, a vital economic asset. The political structure of the Kanem empire had most likely grown out of rival states coming under the control of the Zaghawa. In the 11th century the Zaghawa clans were driven out by Humai ibn Salamna, who founded the kingdom of Kanem with a capital at Njimi. The Saifwa dynasty was established, a dynasty which ruled for 771 years—the longest known reign in history. Saifwa rulers (known as mais) claimed they were descended from a heroic Arabic figure, and the dynasty greatly expanded the influence of Islam, making it the religion of the court. Wealth came largely through trade, especially in slaves, which was facilitated by the empire’s position near important North-South trade routes.

The empire had a policy of imperial expansion and traded for firearms and horses, wielding huge numbers of cavalry. When a mai desecrated a sacred animist religious artifact, conflict occurred between the dynasty and groups like the Bulala. Conflicts from outside forces were also enhanced by the empire’s policy of collateral succession of brother succeeding brother which produced short reigns and unstable situations. In the late 14th century the Saifawa were forced to retreat west across Lake Chad and establish a new kingdom called Bornu. This is the origin of the name Kanem-Bornu.

Bornu expanded territorially and commercially, but increasing threats from other rival states, drought, trade problems, and rebellious Fulani groups eroded state control. Muhammad al-Amin al-Kanemi, a Muslim cleric, eventually defeated the rebellious Fulani and built a new capitol at Kukawa in 1814. His successors ended the Saifwa dynasty and the Kanem-Bornu Empire when they killed the last mai in 1846. Al-Kanemi’s Shehu dynasty was short-lived, and succeeded by slaver and warlord Rabih Zubayr, who was defeated by the French in 1900



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One of our greatest empires imo. traded with everybody in Africa, traded with the Turks and Europe. first Africans to get guns
 

NvrCMyNut

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Kanem-Bornu Empire







Kanem_Bornu_1.jpg


index


Group_of_Kanem-Bu_warriors.jpg


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One of our greatest empires imo. traded with everybody in Africa, traded with the Turks and Europe. first Africans to get guns
Dope. I would love to see these kind of things covered more.

If you into ancient-middle ages era African history like me I can recommend the Kingdoms of Africa series:





 

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last day of black history month. let's finish it with a bang... drop knowledge.
 

Blackking

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:mindblown: These last few pages.... I'm going to have to re read some of this shyt.
 

Blackking

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last day of black history month. let's finish it with a bang... drop knowledge.
ummm when was that child prodigy shyt published??

What I mean to say is... how old is Rochelle Ballantyne
 

Leasy

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Mods keep this thread up all year because Black History is forever brehs. Enjoyed the history posted by the brehs excellent.
 

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Last edited:

Kritic

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Mods keep this thread up all year because Black History is forever brehs. Enjoyed the history posted by the brehs excellent.
mawds be lookin at this post like damn give these niccas an inch they want a mile. can't they just be happy with havin the shortest month damn :what:. 28 days of this was just too long.
 

Kritic

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ummm when was that child prodigy shyt published??

What I mean to say is... how old is Rochelle Ballantyne
September 24, 2013 | Posted by Leo


http://atlantablackstar.com/author/leo-davis/
Rochelle Ballantyne

At 17, Rochelle Ballantyne is one of the top chess players in the world. This Brooklyn, N.Y., native is a high school senior now, but her name is still at the top of Intermediate School 318′s list of best players. She is on the verge of becoming the first black American female to earn the title of chess master.

source: huffingtonpost

Born 1995 (age 18–19)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochelle_Ballantyne
 

J-Nice

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Ivory Bangled Lady

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Analysis of Roman grave reveals that York was a multicultural society


Steve Bird
Archaeologists have discovered that wealthy black Africans lived in Roman Britain in one of the country’s earliest examples of multiculturalism.

Scientific research techniques have established that a lavish grave containing a woman’s skeleton, an ivory bangle, perfume bottle, mirror and jewellery, belonged to a North African member of York’s high society in the 4th century.

Scientific analysis of isotopes from the teeth revealed that water she drank during her childhood had contained minerals likely to have been found in North Africa. Skull measurements have also established that the “Ivory Bangle Lady” was black or of mixed race.

Her sarcophagus, which was made of stone, a sign of immense wealth in Roman Britain, was discovered in 1901 in Bootham, York. The city was then a legionary fortress and civilian settlement called Eboracum, founded by the Romans in AD71.

Her well-preserved remains showed that she was 1.5m (5ft 1in) and aged between 18 and 23. There were no signs of a violent death, and muscle markings showed that she had not lived a strenuous life, suggesting that she was affluent. Among the goods found in her grave was a bone with the inscription “Sor ave vivas in Deo” (Hail, sister, may you live in God), suggesting that she may also have been a Christian.

A bracelet of jet, probably from Whitby, North Yorkshire, showed that she had access to local trade networks. Researchers from the University of Reading’s department of archaeology believe that the ivory bangle, an artefact rarely found in Roman Britain, may have been kept by the woman as a memento of home.

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Hella Eckardt, who carried out the study, said: “Multicultural Britain is not just a phenomenon of more modern times. Analysis of the ‘Ivory Bangle Lady’ and others like her, contradicts assumptions about the make-up of Roman-British populations as well as the view that African immigrants were of low status, male and likely to have been slaves.”

She said that “Ivory Bangle Lady” was very wealthy — “absolutely from the top end of York society”.

The link between slavery and Africans is an early modern one. In the Roman world this simply was not the case. Slaves in Roman times could come from any area.”

She added that inscriptions from that period showed that African people were most often members of the imperialist power’s army. But the latest research on a series of skeletons showed that African men had immigrated to Britain, invariably with the Roman Army, and had brought their wives and children.

Dr Eckardt continued: “We’re looking at a population mix which is much closer to contemporary Britain than previous historians had suspected. In the case of York, the Roman population may have had more diverse origins than the city has now.

“This skull is particularly interesting, because the stone sarcophagus she was buried in, and the richness of the grave goods, means she was a very wealthy woman.”

The research, A Lady of York; migration, ethnicity and identity in Roman Britain, is published in the March edition of the journal Antiquity. The “Ivory Bangle Lady” will be the centrepiece of an exhibition at the Yorkshire Museum in August entitled Roman York: Meet the People of the Empire.

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