It's Black History Month in HL brehs....

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History
Early history
The northwestern part of today's Burkina Faso was populated by hunter-gatherers between 14,000 and 5000 BC. Their tools, including scrapers,chisels and arrowheads, were discovered in 1973 through archeological excavations. This was the basis of knowledge for much about the ancient indigenous peoples. Agricultural settlements were established between 3600 and 2600 BC. The people began using iron, ceramics and polished stone between 1500 and 1000 BC. By this time, they had developed religion, as shown by ritual burial remains.

The Dogon lived in Burkina Faso's north and northwest regions until sometime in the fifteenth or sixteenth centuries, when they left for the cliffs of Bandiagara. The ruins of high walls built by an unknown culture remain in southwest Burkina Faso. Loropeni is a pre-European stone ruin which was linked to the gold trade. As more has been learned about it through excavations and studies, in 2009 it was designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, the first in Burkina Faso.

The central part of Burkina Faso included a number of Mossi kingdoms, the most powerful of which were Wagadogo (Ouagadougou) and Yatenga. Scholars believe these kingdoms probably emerged in the early sixteenth century. Their origins are obscured by a legend featuring a heterogeneous set of warrior figures.

From colony to independence


Traditional homes in south-east Burkina Faso.


Traditional Tiebele house decoration.
At the time of European colonization efforts in the late nineteenth century, people in the Mossi kingdoms lived primarily in villages developed from kinship: based on clans and extended relations among tribal bands. They cultivated a variety of food crops to support themselves, as well as relying on fishing and hunting, and making use of domesticated animals such as goats. Like other West Africans, after centuries of trade with Europeans, including products imported from the Americas, they had absorbed certain new foods into their cuisine, as well as made use of European cloth, tool, and other items after centuries of trade between the continents. Their crops and products also entered other markets.

In the late nineteenth century, after a decade of intense rivalry and competition between the Great Britain and France, waged through treaty-making expeditions under military or civilian explorers, the Mossi kingdom of Ouagadougou was defeated by French colonial forces. In 1896 it became a French protectorate. The eastern and western regions, where a standoff against the forces of the powerful ruler Samori Ture complicated the situation, came under French occupation in 1897. By 1898, the majority of the territory corresponding to Burkina Faso today was nominally conquered; however, French control of many parts remained uncertain.

The French and British convention of 14 June 1898 ended the scramble between the two colonial powers and drew the borders between the countries' colonies. On the French side, a war of conquest against local communities and political powers continued for about five years. In 1904, the largely pacified territories of the Volta basin were integrated into the Upper Senegal and Niger colony of French West Africa as part of the reorganization of the French West African colonial empire. The colony had its capital in Bamako.

The French imposed their own language as the official one for colonial administration, and generally appointed French colonists or nationals to prominent positions. It did start some schools and selected top students for additional education in France.

Draftees from the territory participated in the European fronts of World War I in the battalions of the Senegalese Rifles. Between 1915 and 1916, the districts in the western part of what is now Burkina Faso and the bordering eastern fringe of Mali became the stage of one of the most important armed oppositions to colonial government, known as the Volta-Bani War. The French government finally suppressed the movement, but only after suffering defeats. It also had to organize its largest expeditionary force of its colonial history up to that point to send into the country to suppress the insurrection. Armed opposition also wracked the Sahelian north when the Tuareg and allied groups of the Dori region ended their truce with the government.



A railway station in Bobo Dioulasso, built during the colonial era, that is still in operation.
French Upper Volta was established on 1 March 1919. The French feared a recurrence of armed uprising and had related economic considerations. To bolster its administration, the colonial government separated the present territory of Burkina Faso from Upper Senegal and Niger.

The new colony was named Haute Volta, and François Charles Alexis Édouard Hesling became its first governor. Hesling initiated an ambitious road-making program to improve infrastructure and promoted the growth of cotton for export. The cotton policy – based on coercion – failed, and revenue generated by the colony stagnated. The colony was dismantled on 5 September 1932, being split between the French colonies of Côte d'Ivoire, French Sudan and Niger. Côte d'Ivoire received the largest share, which contained most of the population as well as the cities of Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso.

France reversed this change during the period of intense anti-colonial agitation that followed the end of World War II. On 4 September 1947, it revived the colony of Upper Volta, with its previous boundaries, as a part of the French Union. The French designated its colonies as departments of the metropole France on the European continent.

On 11 December 1958 the colony achieved self-government as the Republic of Upper Volta; it joined the Franco-African Community. A revision in the organization of French Overseas Territories had begun with the passage of the Basic Law (Loi Cadre) of 23 July 1956. This act was followed by reorganizational measures approved by the French parliament early in 1957 to ensure a large degree of self-government for individual territories. Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French community on 11 December 1958. Full independence from France was received in 1960.

 

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Upper Volta


The flag of the Republic of Upper Volta.
Main article: Republic of Upper Volta
The Republic of Upper Volta (French: République de Haute-Volta) was established on 11 December 1958 as a self-governing colony within the French Community. The name Upper Volta related to the nation's location along the upper reaches of the Volta River. The river's three tributaries are called theBlack, White and Red Volta. These are expressed in the three colors of the national flag.

Before attaining autonomy, it had been French Upper Volta and part of the French Union. On 5 August 1960, it attained full independence from France. The first president, Maurice Yaméogo, was the leader of the Voltaic Democratic Union (UDV). The 1960 constitution provided for election by universal suffrage of a president and a national assembly for five-year terms. Soon after coming to power, Yaméogo banned all political parties other than the UDV. The government lasted until 1966. After much unrest, including mass demonstrations and strikes by students, labor unions, and civil servants, the military intervened.

The military coup d'état deposed Yaméogo, suspended the constitution, dissolved the National Assembly, and placed Lt. Col. Sangoulé Lamizana at the head of a government of senior army officers. The army remained in power for four years. On 14 June 1970, the Voltans ratified a new constitution that established a four-year transition period toward complete civilian rule. Lamizana remained in power throughout the 1970s as president of military or mixed civil-military governments. After conflict over the 1970 constitution, a new constitution was written and approved in 1977. Lamizana was reelected by open elections in 1978.

Lamizana's government faced problems with the country's traditionally powerful trade unions, and on 25 November 1980, Col. Saye Zerbo overthrew President Lamizana in a bloodless coup. Colonel Zerbo established the Military Committee of Recovery for National Progress as the supreme governmental authority, thus eradicating the 1977 constitution.

Colonel Zerbo also encountered resistance from trade unions and was overthrown two years later, on 7 November 1982, by Maj. Dr. Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo and the Council of Popular Salvation (CSP). The CSP continued to ban political parties and organizations, yet promised a transition to civilian rule and a new constitution.

Factional infighting developed between moderates in the CSP and the radicals, led by Capt. Thomas Sankara, who was appointed prime minister in January 1983. The internal political struggle and Sankara's leftist rhetoric led to his arrest and subsequent efforts to bring about his release, directed by Capt. Blaise Compaoré. This release effort resulted in yet another military coup d'état on 4 August 1983.

After the coup, Sankara formed the National Council for the Revolution (CNR), with himself as president. Sankara also established Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (CDRs) to "mobilize the masses" and implement the CNR's revolutionary programs. The CNR, whose exact membership remained secret until the end, contained two small intellectual Marxist-Leninist groups. Sankara, Compaore, Capt. Henri Zongo, and Maj. Jean-Baptiste Lingani—all leftist military officers—dominated the regime.

On 4 August 1984, as a final result of President Sankara's activities, the country's name was eventually changed from Upper Volta to Burkina Faso. The name combines a word of Mossi origin with a word of Mande origin, in order to be inclusive of the different ethnic groups in country, and translates to "land of honest people".

Burkina Faso


Children during the 1983–1987 revolution.
On 15 October 1987, Sankara was killed by an armed gang with twelve other officials in a coup d'état organized by his former colleague and current president, Blaise Compaoré. Deterioration in relations with neighbouring countries was one of the reasons given, with Compaoré stating that Sankara jeopardised foreign relations with former colonial power France and neighbouring Côte d'Ivoire. Prince Johnson, a former Liberian warlord allied to Charles Taylor, told Liberia's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) that it was engineered by Charles Taylor. After the coup and although Sankara was known to be dead, some CDRs mounted an armed resistance to the army for several days.

Sankara's body was dismembered and he was quickly buried in an unmarked grave, while his widow and two children fled the country. Compaoré immediately reversed the nationalizations, overturned nearly all of Sankara's policies, returned the country back under the IMF fold, and ultimately spurned most of Sankara's legacy. As of 2010, Compaoré was entering his 23rd year in power. He "has become immensely wealthy", while Burkina Faso ranks as the third least developed country in the world.

Between February and April 2011, the death of a schoolboy provoked an uprising throughout the country, coupled with a military mutiny and a magistrates' strike.

 

[2Quik4UHoes]

Government


Former prime minister Tertius Zongo.
Main article: Politics of Burkina Faso
With French help, Blaise Compaoré seized power in a coup d'état in 1987. He overthrew his long-time friend and ally Thomas Sankara, who was killed in the coup.

The constitution of 2 June 1991 established a semi-presidential government: its parliament can be dissolved by the President of the Republic, who is elected for a term of seven years. In 2000, the constitution was amended to reduce the presidential term to five years and set term limits to two, preventing successive re-election . The amendment took effect during the 2005 elections. If passed beforehand, it would have prevented the incumbent president, Blaise Compaoré, from being reelected.

Other presidential candidates challenged the election results. But, in October 2005, the constitutional council ruled that, because Compaoré was the sitting president in 2000, the amendment would not apply to him until the end of his second term in office. This cleared the way for his candidacy in the 2005 election. On 13 November, Compaoré was reelected in a landslide, because of a divided political opposition.

In the 2010 November Presidential elections, President Compaoré was re-elected. Only 1.6 million Burkinabès voted, out of a total population 10 times that size.

The parliament consists of one chamber known as the National Assembly which has 111 seats with members elected to serve five-year terms. There is also a constitutional chamber, composed of ten members, and an economic and social council whose roles are purely consultative.

The Compaoré administration has worked to decentralize power by devolving some of its powers to regions and municipal authorities. But the widespread distrust of politicians and lack of political involvement by many residents complicates this process. Critics describe this as a hybrid decentralisation.

Political freedoms are severely restricted in Burkina Faso Human rights organizations have criticised the Compaoré administration for numerous acts of state-sponsored violence against journalists and other politically active members of society.

Regions, provinces, and departments
Main articles: Regions of Burkina Faso, Provinces of Burkina Faso, and Communes of Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso is divided into thirteen regions, forty-five provinces, and 301 departments. The regions are:

• Boucle du Mouhoun
• Cascades
• Centre
• Centre-Est
• Centre-Nord
• Centre-Ouest
• Centre-Sud
• Est
• Hauts-Bassins
• Nord
• Plateau-Central
• Sahel
• Sud-Ouest

Military, police and security forces
Main article: Military of Burkina Faso
The country employs numerous police and security forces, generally modeled after organizations used by French police, and France continues to provide significant support and training to police forces in Burkina Faso. The Gendarmerie Nationale is organized along military lines, with most police services delivered at the brigade level. The Gendarmerie operates under the authority of the Minister of Defence, and its members are employed chiefly in the rural areas and along borders.

There is also a municipal police force controlled by the Ministry of Territorial Administration; a national police force controlled by the Ministry of Security; and an autonomous Presidential Security Regiment (Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle, or RSP), a ‘palace guard’ devoted to the protection of the President of the Republic. Both the gendarmerie and the national police are subdivided into both administrative and judicial police functions; the former are detailed to protect public order and provide security, the latter are charged with criminal investigations

All foreigners and citizens are required to carry photo ID passports, or other forms of identification or risk a fine, and police spot identity checks are commonplace for persons traveling by auto,bush-taxi, or bus.

The army consists of some 6,000 men in voluntary service, augmented by a part-time national People's Militia composed of civilians between 25 and 35 years of age who are trained in both military and civil duties. According to Jane’s Sentinel Country Risk Assessment, Burkina Faso's Army is undermanned for its force structure and poorly equipped, but has numbers of wheeled light-armour vehicles, and may have developed useful combat expertise through interventions in Liberia and elsewhere in Africa.

In terms of training and equipment, the regular Army is believed to be neglected in relation to the élite Presidential Security Regiment (RSP). Reports have emerged in recent years of disputes over pay and conditions. There is an air force with some 19 operational aircraft, but no navy, as the country is landlocked. Military expenses constitute approximately 1.2% of the nation’s GDP.

In April 2011, there was an army mutiny; the president named new chiefs of staff, and a curfew was imposed in Ouagadougou.

 

[2Quik4UHoes]

Geography and climate


Satellite image of Burkina Faso.


Waterfalls at Karfiguela.


Peaks near Fabédougou.
Main articles: Geography of Burkina Faso and Climate of Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso lies mostly between latitudes 9° and 15°N (a small area is north of 15°), and longitudes 6°W and 3°E.

It is made up of two major types of countryside. The larger part of the country is covered by a peneplain, which forms a gently undulating landscape with, in some areas, a few isolated hills, the last vestiges of a Precambrian massif. The southwest of the country, on the other hand, forms a sandstonemassif, where the highest peak, Ténakourou, is found at an elevation of 749 meters (2,457 ft). The massif is bordered by sheer cliffs up to 150 meters (492 ft) high. The average altitude of Burkina Faso is 400 meters (1,312 ft) and the difference between the highest and lowest terrain is no greater than 600 meters (1,969 ft). Burkina Faso is therefore a relatively flat country.

The country owes its former name of Upper Volta to three rivers which cross it: the Black Volta (or Mouhoun), the White Volta (Nakambé) and the Red Volta (Nazinon). The Black Volta is one of the country's only two rivers which flow year-round, the other being the Komoé, which flows to the southwest. The basin of the Niger River also drains 27% of the country's surface.

The Niger's tributaries – the Béli, the Gorouol, the Goudébo and the Dargol – are seasonal streams and flow for only four to six months a year. They still can flood and overflow, however. The country also contains numerous lakes – the principal ones are Tingrela, Bam and Dem. The country contains large ponds, as well, such as Oursi, Béli, Yomboli and Markoye. Water shortages are often a problem, especially in the north of the country.



Savannah near the Gbomblora Department, on the road from Gaoua to Batié
Burkina Faso has a primarily tropical climate with two very distinct seasons. In the rainy season, the country receives between 600 and 900 millimeters (23.6 and 35.4 in) of rainfall; in the dry season, the harmattan – a hot dry wind from the Sahara – blows. The rainy season lasts approximately four months, May/June to September, and is shorter in the north of the country. Three climatic zones can be defined: the Sahel, the Sudan-Sahel, and the Sudan-Guinea. The Sahel in the north typically receives less than 600 millimeters (23.6 in) of rainfall per year and has high temperatures, 5–47 °C(41.0–116.6 °F).

A relatively dry tropical savanna, the Sahel extends beyond the borders of Burkina Faso, from the Horn of Africa to the Atlantic Ocean, and borders the Sahara to its north and the fertile region of the Sudan to the South. Situated between 11°3' and 13°5' north latitude, the Sudan-Sahel region is a transitional zone with regards to rainfall and temperature. Further to the south, the Sudan-Guinea zone receives more than 900 millimeters (35.4 in)of rain each year and has cooler average temperatures.

Burkina Faso's natural resources include manganese, limestone, marble, phosphates, pumice, salt and small deposits of gold.

Burkina Faso's fauna and flora are protected in two national parks and several reserves: see List of national parks in Africa, Nature reserves of Burkina Faso.

Economy


An information technology workshop during InnovAfrica 2011 in the capitalOuagadougou.


Graphical depiction of Burkina Faso's product exports in 28 color-coded categories.


A Burkinabé shop.


A village pump in Burkina Faso.

 

[2Quik4UHoes]

Burkina Faso has one of the lowest GDP per capita figures in the world: $1,400. Agriculture represents 32% of its gross domestic product and occupies 80% of the working population. It consists mostly of rearing livestock. Especially in the south and southwest, the people grow crops of sorghum, pearl millet, maize (corn), peanuts, rice and cotton, with surpluses to be sold. A large part of the economic activity of the country is funded by international aid.

Burkina Faso was ranked the 111th safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Risk rankings. Remittances used to be an important source of income to Burkina Faso until the 1990s, when unrest in Côte d'Ivoire, the main destination for Burkinabe emigrants, forced many to return home. Remittances now account for less than 1% of GDP.

Burkina Faso is part of the West African Monetary and Economic Union (UMEOA) and has adopted the CFA Franc. This is issued by the Central Bank of the West African States (BCEAO), situated in Dakar, Senegal. The BCEAO manages the monetary and reserve policy of the member states, and provides regulation and oversight of financial sector and banking activity. A legal framework regarding licensing, bank activities, organizational and capital requirements, inspections and sanctions (all applicable to all countries of the Union) is in place, having been reformed significantly in 1999.Micro-finance institutions are governed by a separate law, which regulates micro-finance activities in all WAEMU countries. The insurance sector is regulated through the Inter-African Conference on Insurance Markets (CIMA).

There is mining of copper, iron, manganese, gold, cassiterite (tin ore), and phosphates. These operations provide employment and generate international aid. In some cases, hospitals maintained by mining companies are available for use by local populations. Gold production increased 32% in 2011 at six gold mine sites, making Burkina Faso the fourth-largest gold producer in Africa, after South Africa, Mali and Ghana.

Burkina Faso also hosts the International Art and Craft Fair, Ouagadougou. It is better known by its French name as SIAO, Le Salon International de l' Artisanat de Ouagadougou, and is one of the most important African handicraft fairs.

Burkina Faso is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).

While services remain underdeveloped, the National Office for Water and Sanitation (ONEA), a state-owned utility company run along commercial lines, is emerging as one of the best-performing utility companies in Africa. High levels of autonomy and a skilled and dedicated management has driven ONEA's ability to improve production of and access to clean water. Since 2000, nearly 2 million more people have access to water in the four principal urban centres in the country; the company has kept the quality of infrastructure high (less than 18% of the water is lost through leaks – one of the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa), improved financial reporting, and increased its annual revenue by an average of 12% (well above inflation). Challenges remain, including difficulties among some customers in paying for services, with the need to rely on international aid to expand its infrastructure. The state-owned, commercially run venture has helped the nation reach its Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets in water-related areas, and has grown as a viable company.

Demographics


United Nations Square in Ouagadougou.


Girl in Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso's 15.3 million people belong to two major West African ethnic cultural groups—the Voltaic and the Mande (whose common language is Dioula). The Voltaic Mossi make up about one-half of the population. The Mossi claim descent from warriors who migrated to present-day Burkina Faso from the area of Ghana about 1100. They established an empire that lasted more than 800 years. Predominantly farmers, the Mossi kingdom is led by the Mogho Naba, whose court is in Ouagadougou.

Burkina Faso is an ethnically integrated, secular state. Most of Burkina's people are concentrated in the south and center of the country, where their density sometimes exceeds 48 per square kilometer (125/sq. mi.). Hundreds of thousands of Burkinabe migrate regularly to Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, many for seasonal agricultural work. These flows of workers are affected by external events; the September 2002 coup attempt in Côte d'Ivoire and the ensuing fighting meant that hundreds of thousands of Burkinabe returned to Burkina Faso. The regional economy suffered when they were unable to work.

The total fertility rate of Burkina Faso is 6.07 children born per woman (2012 estimates), the sixth highest in the world.

The practice of slavery in Burkina Faso, as in the Sahel states in general, is an entrenched institution with a long history. It goes back to the Arab slave trade initiated by traders from the North, and it continues today.

Health
Average life expectancy at birth in 2004 was estimated at 52 for females and 50 for males. The median age of its inhabitants is 16.7. The estimated population growth rate is 3.109%.

Central government spending on health was 3% in 2001. As of 2009, studies estimated there were as few as 10 physicians per 100,000 people. In addition, there were 41 nurses and 13 midwives per 100,000 people. Demographic and Health Surveys has completed three surveys in Burkina Faso since 1993, and had another in 2009.

In 2009, it was estimated that the adult HIV prevalence rate (ages 15–49) was 1.2%. According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, HIV prevalence is declining among pregnant women who attend antenatal clinics.

According to a 2005 World Health Organization report, an estimated 72.5% of Burkina Faso's girls and women have suffered female genital mutilation, administered according to traditional rituals.

 

[2Quik4UHoes]

Religion


The Grand Mosque of Bobo-Dioulasso.




Cathedral of Ouagadougou.




A ceramic vessel used by the Lobi people to store medicine in a shrine in the home or in the family courtyard.
Statistics on religion in Burkina Faso are inexact because Islam and Christianity are often practiced in tandem with indigenous religious beliefs. The Government of Burkina Faso 2006 census reported that 60.5% of the population practice Islam, and that the majority of this group belong to the Sunni branch, while a small minority adheres to Shia branch. A significant number of Sunni Muslims identify with the Tijaniyah Sufi order. The Government also estimated that some 23.2% are Christians (19% being Roman Catholics and 4.2% members of various Protestant denominations); 15.3% follow traditional indigenous beliefs, 0.6% have other religions, and 0.4% have none (atheism is virtually nonexistent).

A popular saying in Burkina Faso claims that "50% are Muslim, 50% are Christian, and 100% are animist". This shows the wide level of acceptance of the various religions amongst each other. Muslims and Christians also value ancient animist rites. The Great Mosque of Bobo-Dioulasso was built by people of different faiths working together.

Culture
Literature in Burkina Faso is based on the oral tradition, which remains important. In 1934, during French occupation, Dim-Dolobsom Ouedraogo published his Maximes, pensées et devinettes mossi (Maximes, Thoughts and Riddles of the Mossi), a record of the oral history of the Mossi people. The oral tradition continued to have an influence on Burkinabè writers in the post-independence Burkina Faso of the 1960s, such as Nazi Boni and Roger Nikiema. The 1960s saw a growth in the number of playwrights being published. Since the 1970s, literature has developed in Burkina Faso with many more writers being published.

The theatre of Burkina Faso combines traditional Burkinabè performance with the colonial influences and post-colonial efforts to educate rural people to produce a distinctive national theatre. Traditional ritual ceremonies of the many ethnic groups in Burkina Faso have long involved dancing with masks. Western-style theatre became common during colonial times, heavily influenced by French theatre. With independence came a new style of theatre inspired by forum theatre aimed at educating and entertaining Burkina Faso's rural people.

Arts and crafts


Artisan garland of decorative painted gourds in Ouagadougou.
There is also a large artist community in Burkina Faso, especially in Ouagadougou. Much of the crafts produced are for the growing tourist industry.Tigoung Nonma was set up by a group of disabled artisans and sells crafts to provide a sustainable income for disabled artisans in Burkina Faso.

Cuisine
Typical of West African cuisine, Burkina Faso's cuisine is based on staple foods of sorghum, millet, rice, maize, peanuts, potatoes, beans, yams and okra. The most common sources of animal protein are chicken, chicken eggs and fresh water fish. A typical Burkinabè beverage is Banji or Palm Wine, which is fermented palm sap and Zoom-kom[?].

Cinema


Cinema Sanyon in Bobo-Dioulasso.
The cinema of Burkina Faso is an important part of West African and African film industry. Burkina's contribution to African cinema started with the establishment of the film festival FESPACO (Festival Panafricain du Cinéma et de la Télévision de Ouagadougou), which was launched as a film week in 1969. Many of the nation's filmmakers are known internationally and have won international prizes. For many years the headquarters of the Federation of Panafrican Filmmakers (FEPACI) was in Ouagadougou, rescued in 1983 from a period of moribund inactivity by the enthusiastic support and funding of President Sankara (In 2006 the Secretariat of FEPACI moved to South Africa but the headquarters of the organization is still in Ouagaoudougou). Among the best known directors from Burkina Faso are Gaston Kaboré, Idrissa Ouedraogo and Dani Kouyate. Burkina also produces popular television series such as Bobodjiouf. The internationally known filmmakers such as Ouedraogo, Kabore, Yameogo, and Kouyate also make popular television series.

Sports
Sport in Burkina Faso is widespread and includes football (soccer), basketball, cycling, Rugby union, handball, tennis, athletics, boxing and martial arts. Football is very popular in Burkina Faso, played both professionally, and informally in towns and villages across the country. The national team is nicknamed "Les Etalons" ("the Stallions") in reference to the legendary horse of Princess Yennenga. In 1998, Burkina Faso hosted the African Cup of Nations for which the Omnisport Stadium in Bobo-Dioulasso was built. In 2013, Burkina Faso qualified for the African Cup of Nations in South Africa, reached the final, but then lost to Nigeria by the score of 0 to 1. The country is currently ranked 42nd in the FIFA World Rankings.

 

[2Quik4UHoes]

Education


School children in Dourtenga.
Education in Burkina Faso is divided into primary, secondary and higher education. However schooling costs approximately CFA 50,000 ($97 USD) per year, which is far above the means of most Burkinabè families. Boys receive preference in schooling; as such, girls' education and literacy rates are far lower than their male counterparts. An increase in girls' schooling has been observed because of the government's policy of making school cheaper for girls and granting them more scholarships. In order to proceed from elementary to middle school, middle to high school or high school to college, national exams must be passed. Institutions of higher education include the University of Ouagadougou, The Polytechnical University in Bobo-Dioulasso and the University of Koudougou, which is also a teacher training institution. There are private colleges in the capital city of Ouagadougou but these are affordable by only a small portion of the population.

There is also the International School of Ouagadougou (ISO), an American-based private school located in Ouagadougou.

The UN Development Program Report ranks Burkina Faso as the country with the lowest level of literacy in the world, despite a concerted effort to double its literacy rate from 12.8% in 1990 to 25.3% in 2008.

National and independent media


A member of the Burkinabé media at work in Ougadougou.
The nation's principal media outlet is its state-sponsored combined television and radio service, Radiodiffusion-Télévision Burkina (RTB). RTB broadcasts on two medium-wave (AM) and several FM frequencies. Besides RTB, there are also a number of privately owned sports, cultural, music, and religious FM radio stations. RTB also maintains a worldwide short-wave news broadcast (Radio Nationale Burkina) in the French language from the capital at Ouagadougou using a 100 kW transmitter on 4.815 and 5.030 MHz.

Attempts to develop an independent press and media in Burkina Faso have been intermittent. In 1998, investigative journalist Norbert Zongo, his brother Ernest, his driver, and another man were assassinated by unknown assailants, and the bodies burned. The crime was never solved. However, an independent Commission of Inquiry later concluded that Norbert Zongo was killed for political reasons because of his investigative work into the death of David Ouedraogo, a chauffeur who worked for François Compaoré, President Blaise Compaoré's brother. In January 1999, François Compaoré was charged with the murder of David Ouedraogo, who had died as a result of torture in January 1998. The charges were later dropped by a military tribunal after an appeal. In August 2000, five members of the President's personal security guard detail (Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle, or RSP) were charged with the murder of Ouedraogo. RSP members Marcel Kafando, Edmond Koama, and Ousseini Yaro, investigated as suspects in the Norbert Zongo assassination, were convicted in the Ouedraogo case and sentenced to lengthy prison terms.

Since the death of Norbert Zongo, several protests regarding the Zongo investigation and treatment of journalists have been prevented or dispersed by government police and security forces. In April 2007, popular radio reggae host Karim Sama, whose programs feature reggae songs interspersed with critical commentary on alleged government injustice and corruption, received several death threats. Sama's personal car was later burned outside the private radio station Ouaga FM by unknown vandals. In response, the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) wrote to President Compaoré to request his government investigate the sending of e-mailed death threats to journalists and radio commentators in Burkina Faso who were critical of the government. In December 2008, police in Ouagadougou questioned leaders of a protest march that called for a renewed investigation into the unsolved Zongo assassination. Among the marchers was Jean-Claude Meda, the president of the Association of Journalists of Burkina Faso.

 

[Captain Crunch]

Burkina looks fly with that architecture.

 

[CASHAPP]

Inspired by my breh @Black Reign it's time to get better aquainted with our African countries. I watch a great movie called Tasuma on Africa Channel, it came from the first country I'll profile.

Feel so embarrassed that's the first time ive ever heard of this country...

 

[2Quik4UHoes]

Feel so embarrassed that's the first time ive ever heard of this country...

Maybe you should look up more countries....

I'm gonna try to post an African country and a country in the diaspora once a day. It's lots of countries I either forget about or don't even know about in Africa.

 

[Sinnerman]

Burkina faso was the home of the Mossi Empire, who were a thorn in Mali

The legendary origin of the Mossi EmpireHere's how the French historian Robert Cornevin explained the legendary origin of the Mossi and the creation of Tenkodogo, the cradle of the empire:

“In the thirteenth century the Dagomba, the Mamproussi and the Nankana, are ruled by a powerful leader Nedega, whose capital is then located at Gambaga (north of present-day Ghana). His daughter Poko (Yenenga) is distinguished by her Amazon like qualities. One day when her horse leads her too far into the forest, she is rescued by an elephant hunter named Riale, probably Boussansé and traditionally of royal origin. He wins the hand of Yenenga and takes her to live in the forest near Bouti.

The region of Gambaga is then overpopulated, the son of Yenenga named Ouedraogo (the stallion), in memory of the way his parents met, is a natural leader of the young people. He will found Tenkodogo, contracted form of Tenga Kodogo (old earth), where he has many sons ...”

Ouedraogo, “the Stallion”On attaining adulthood, Ouedraogo left Gambaga to settle further north in Tenkodogo the “old land”, and founded a new dynasty. For the Mossi, this small town, south-east of Ouagadougou, is still revered as the cradle of the powerful Mossi Empire. The solid centralized political organization of the empire and its army of horsemen enabled it to dominate the entire region.

The children of Ouedraogo namely, Zoungrana who succeeded him to the throne of Tenkodogo, another, Rawa, went to the north and founded the Kingdom of Zandoma (later integrated with Yatenga). As for Lompo Diaba, he settled in Pama to the east of Tenkodogo, and founded the Kingdom of Gourma. Oubri, a direct descendant of Zoungrana, left with a strong army under his command for the conquest of other territories to the west. He attacked Kombentinga, “the land of warriors”, the capital of Nyonnyonsé and Gourousi people; the first inhabitants of Burkina Faso. It fell under the Moagha domination after heavy fighting. Determined to make it the capital of his new fiefdom, he renamed it Wogdo, “come honor me” (which became Ouagadougou) and proclaimed himself as Moogho Naba (Leader of the Mossi Empire), creating the first royal dynasty of Oubritenga, “land of Oubri”. He later shared his kingdom by giving a block to each of his three hundred and thirty-three descendants. The early Mossi kingdoms of Tenkodogo, Ouagadougou (Oubritenga) and Gourma were therefore created in the fifteenth century.

Organization of the Mossi Empire

At the top of the hierarchy was the Emperor: the Mogho Naba, a symbol of the sun, he was revered as a God. Elected by senior dignitaries of the court, he was chosen from among the descendants of Oubri. Infact, the Kingdom of Oubritenga immediately took ascendance over all other Mossi kingdoms. Power was concentrated in the hands of the emperor, who was at the same time head of armies, supreme judge and the general collector of taxes and levies. As for the empire, it consisted of kingdoms divided into provinces, which were subdivided into fiefdoms, each comprising several villages.

At the beginning of the last century, the French historian Tauxier notes: “The Mossi Empire was centralized. The infighting that often take place among other Black peoples, from village to village, district to district, and even soukala to soukala, did not exist in the case of the Mossi. So there was peace and internal security. In addition, the centralized power, which prevented anarchy, preserved the country from devastation by conquerors of fortune. Thus, while Djermabé plundered the Gourounsi country (...), they dared not attack the Mossi whose neighbours they were, fearing the ten thousand horsemen of Mogho Naba: domestic tranquility and external tranquility was assured (...). On entering the Mossi country one was struck by the absolute security in which people lived, while elsewhere war and the hunt for slaves left the villages desolate. And one noted with envy the Mossi peasants traveling alone to their fields, pickaxe on their shoulder, while elsewhere, the head of the family should have, night and day his weapons at hand ...”

The Kingdom of Yatenga

In the XIV century, when the first Mossi kingdoms flourished in peace, two brothers claimed to succeed their father, Naba Nassébiri of Ouagadougou. Koumdoumyé won the throne after he ousted his brother Yadega. The latter left Oubritenga and moved to Gourcy between Ouahigouya and Yako, in a samo village. From Gourcy, he began to conquer neighboring villages. His descendants
continued expansion of this territory which became the Kingdom of Yatenga.

In 1757, after three years of exile, Naba Kango, the ousted legitimate heir to the throne, reconquered the Yatenga as the head of bambara, bwaba and samos mercenaries. When he no longer needed their services, he simply eliminated his bambara mercenaries. Naba Kango Yatenga ruled as the absolute monarch for thirty years, struggling against robbery and a rebellious aristocracy. He managed to reinstall peace in the country, created a new Capital of Yatenga which he named Ouahigouya “come and bow down before me”.

However, Yatenga was soon divided by dynastic conflicts, and by the Peul invasions. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the kingdom of Risyma was annexed to Yatenga by Naba Yembe. Starting from 1877, the internal wars between members of the royal family escalated. Following a dispute with one of his cousins, Prince Bangrey, Naba Baongo, who reigned from 1885 to 1894, eventually had to seek the support of Captain Français Destenave. The latter who was a fine strategist, waited patiently for the opportunity to intervene. Naba Baongo was killed in combat and Prince Bangrey proclaimed himself king of Yatenga under the name Naba Bully. Threatened by other princes, he took refuge with Captain Destenave and signed a protectorate treaty with France on 18 May 1895. In the eyes of the people of Yatenga, this alliance was seen as a betrayal. Naba Bully was chased and a period of ten years of trouble followed. Calm returned only with Naba Ligidi’s accession to the throne.

The Gourma Kingdom

The roots of Gourma people are confused with the history of the Mossé of Gambaga and the creation of the Kingdom of Gourma (Biongo for Mossé) by Diaba Lumpo. Naba Lumpo conquered the regions to the east of Tenkodogo, occupied by unorganized populations that he united under his authority because of their common language, the Gourmantche. Very quickly, he proclaimed the independence of his kingdom. Thereafter, the Gourma, like the Mossé, conquered a large part of the current Burkina Faso. They still managed to repulse the neighboring peoples: Tyokosi, Peul, Hausa, Tomba, etc ... The Askia Ishaq, the last ruler of the Songhai Empire, even came to seek asylum from the Naba of the Gourma, even though he had repeatedly ravaged his country!

In the middle of the eighteenth century, the Gourma country's capital, Pama, was transferred to Noungou (Fada N'Gourma). The kingdom was divided into provinces headed by chieftains who were under the Naba of Noungou. In the early nineteenth century, despite a rigid and well established hierarchical system, discord divided the descendants of the Naba of Noungou. There followed a century of anarchy.

In 1892, Naba Yentugury was murdered by his own brother, Batchande, who was expelled from the capital. After three years of exile, Naba Batchande allied himself with the French under Captain Decoeur with whom he signed a protectorate treaty on 20 January 1895. In return the French permanently rid him of his rivals. Naba
Batchande became the sole king of the Gourrma, but was submissive to France.

Between the Nazinon and the Mouhoun

Permanently threatened by the Peul of the Gondo plain, the Mossé of Yatenga and Dafing of Sourou, the Samo could still maintain their independence without giving up their social organization as autonomous villages. On the western shore of Sourou, the Peul of Barani threatened the Dafing in the north while the Peul of Dokwi pressurised the bwaba of the Mouhoun loop. Further south, the said “Gurunsi” population (Ko, Sisal, Lela, Nuna, Kassena) submitted to the moaga influence and still managed to maintain their independence. In 1872, Zerma warriors, mercenaries in the service of Dagomba sovereigns, penetrated into “Gurunsi” country. Their leader, Bahatu very quickly spread his authority over a vast territory. But from 1885, after a failure in the bwa country, the Zerma expansion stalled. The Zerma were finally defeated by the French in 1897.

 

[Sinnerman]

A random market day in ancient mali

EAGER TO GET AN EARLY START on this important day, people entered Niani’s marketplace just as the sun began to color the eastern sky. The traders, always among the first to arrive, visited with each other while they set out their goods. Local farmers and craftsmen, who also liked to come early, arrived from every direction and proudly, hopefully, displayed their goods. Soon, the first cheerful notes of the musicians could be heard. Then crowds of men, women and children filled the marketplace with noise and excitement. They came for supplies, a special something, or just to have a good time. It seemed like everyone in and around Niani was somehow involved. One such person, a young sandal maker who lived in a small village just outside Niani, left his house a little before dawn with a load of sandals on his back and dreams of great trades in his head. All morning long he called out with gusto, “See how well these sandals are made . The leather is soft and smooth, yet very strong.” By noon he had already traded seven pair for rice, millet, honey, dates, a few small tools and a handsome length of cotton woven by a friend of his . Later he traded three pair to a trader for gold, and another two pair, one to a potter and one to a dyer , for salt. Before the day ended, he exchanged the salt and gold (both of which were used as we use money) for enough leather to make another load of sandals. As well as making good trades, the young sandal maker loved the excitement of an important market day. There were goods from as far away as China, India and Spain to see and touch and taste. Hundreds of people crowded into the marketplace: traders, farmers, craftsmen, hunters, entertainers, and ordinary people in search of supplies. The resulting swirl of colors, sounds, and drifting odors excited him. He liked to hear the traders’ stories, watch the jugglers and dancers perform, and listen to the musicians play. In addition to all this, the chance to see his friends and catch up on what was going on in the city made the day wonderfully eventful. As he walked home that evening, he felt proud that already he could hold his own during the tough bargaining that led to a good trade. He was also proud of the supplies his work had earned for himself and his family. In the distance, he watched a caravan of traders as they filed along a dusty trail. He imagined that they, too, had had a good day. If so , many of their packs were probably full of gold and ivory, beautifully tanned leather, lengths of cotton cloth and the kola nuts so many Arabs liked to chew. When the traders disappeared from view, he watched the birds and felt content.

 

[Sinnerman]

Osei Tutu

FOUNDER OF THE ASHANTI NATION (d. 1731)

OSEI TUTU was the most noted ruler of the Ashanti, a powerful, warlike, and highly disciplined people of West Africa, whose history goes back more than 2000 years. The Ashanti are said to be the descendants of those Ethiopians mentioned by Diodorus Siculus and Herodotus who were driven southward by a conquering Egyptian army.

It is believed that they traded with the Phoenicians long before the Christian era. They started trading with France in 1366 and with England in 1672. It is not improbable that Negroes from this region had been crossing over to America before Columbus.

Osei Tutu succeeded to the throne in I697, upon the death of his uncle, Obiria Yebo. In his youth he had been shield-bearer to Boa, King of Denkern, an overlord of the Ashanti kings. But handsome and stalwart Osei Tuti had a love affair with the king's sister; she had a child by him, and he was forced to flee for his life. To this there was to be a tragic sequel years later.

Coming to the throne, Osei Tutu removed the seat of government to Coomassie, and together with his cousin, Bautin, a neighboring monarch, entered into an alliance for the conquest of their neighbors. He reorganized his army, modeling it after the way of ants on the march.

This alliance led indirectly to a war with Bosinante, King of Denkera, a territory to the southwest-a war that was to shake all West Africa. As at Troy, the direct cause of the quarrel was a beautiful woman. Bosinante, ostensibly as a compliment, but really out of pride, sent a mission to Osei Tutu composed of his favorite wives. Richly clad and loaded down with jewels, they were accompanied by a magnificent escort of Bosinante's most stalwart warriors.

This royal delegation was received by Osei Tutu with all the honors and courtesy due its rank. He gave the queens rich presents and sent them safely back. In reciprocity, Osei Tutu sent Bosinant'e an embassy of his most beautiful wives, led by the chief queen, a woman of extraordinary beauty.

When this delegation arrived, Bosinante received its members with due respect, but fell in love at first sight with the beautiful chief queen. Bosinante was young and handsome, and the attraction was mutual.

On her return, Osei Tutu noticed that she was an expectant mother and swore that he would not rest until he had Bosinante's head. Bosinante offered him a large quantity of gold as the price of peace, but Osei Tutu was adamant. He began mobilizing his army, forgetting apparently that he had once been forced to flee from Denkera for a similar offense.

He ordered a great quantity of arms and ammunition from the Europeans. The Denkera, either through fear or negligence, made the fatal mistake of permitting his agents to transport these supplies through their country.

While Osei Tutu was in the midst of these preparations, Bosinante died. But Osei Tutu, determined upon conquest, led an army of 300,000 against Denkera. Aided by the Akim, another powerful tribe, the Denkera attacked the Ashanti but the allies were beaten in two great battles. Among the dead was Ntim, the Denkera king who was said to be Osei Tutu's son, born of the illicit union with King Boa's sister.

It took the Ashanti fifteen days to collect the spoils of the victory. According to Bosman, "One of the European officers who was sent after the battle as an embassy to the Ashanti king, saw the immense quantity of gold which he had reserved as his own share of the treasures from the Denkeras."

Much of this wealth had been derived from the sale of slaves to the New World. In addition, the Ashanti found among their booty the note by which the Dutch were obliged to pay tribute for the privilege of maintaining Elmina Castle.

Osei Tutu's vengeance went further. He dug up the body of Bosinante, stripped the flesh from the bones, and fed it to the serpents. The skull and thighbones he brought back as trophies for his palace, where Dupuis saw them a century later. Dupuis says that even then, the Ashanti, on their sacred feast days, execrated these relics.

As for the Akim, allies of the Denkera, they lost 30,000 of their men in battle. After his victory Osei Tutu invaded their territory and levied an enormous indemnity upon them as well as an annual tribute.

Osei Tutu next conquered all the neighboring tribes, clans, and villages, uniting them with his kingdom. His own people he ruled with such impartiality and generosity that he became a favorite with them.

When the Akim failed to pay their tribute of 4000 ounces of gold, Osei Tutu decided to annex their territory, and sent a large army against them in 1731. Intending to catch up with this army later, he went to visit the sepulchers of his forefathers at Bantama and to pay his respects to the tutelary diety. He was accompanied by his favorite wives, many of his children, and the flower of the nobility.

Having gone through the customary ceremonies, Osei Tutu started for Denkera territory with a handful of soldiers. He felt quite secure, as his army had already passed that way. But the Akim, learning of his plans, sent a strong detachment of men to ambush him.

Unsuspecting, Osei Tutu came along. Just as the royal party was about to cross the Prah River at Coromantee, the Akim opened fire. Osei Tutu was wounded in the side at the first volley. Springing from his litter, he was rallying his men when a second ball pierced his throat and he fell dead, plunging face downward into the river. Taking advantage of the confusion, the Akim charged, killing the whole party of 300, including 60 wives of the king and his nobles.

The loss of their beloved ruler prostrated the Ashanti, and their vengeance upon the Akim was devastating. They burned their city to the ground, killing every living thing in it. As in biblical days, not only the prisoners were sacrificed, but also the sheep, fowls, and dogs.

Osei Tutu's body was never found but his memory did not perish. He died on a Saturday and in commemoration his people instituted their most sacred oath after the sad event--Coromantee Miminda (Coromantee Saturday). The oath taken on this day was considered so solemn and binding that it was hardly ever mentioned by name, being spoken of as "the great oath of the dreadful day," and even then in a whisper.

They surnamed Osei Tutu "the Great." Dupuis says of the high esteem in which his people held him, "To the excellence of this monarch the Ashanti still revert with a national satisfaction. They say he was Good, as well as Great, for in his reign justice was ever on the alert and the claims of his subjects were listened to without distinction of rank or title."

 

[Deadpool1986]

Prejudice: Dorothy Counts is sneered at by a wholly-white
audience as she enrolls to start her schooling at Harding High School (Original picture by Don
Sturkey, September 4, 1957)

Dorothy Counts became one of the first black students to be accepted into the previously all-white Harding High School, in Charlotte, U.S..

Upon enrolling to start her journey she was mocked, spat on, racially abused and thrown rocks at.

In other states in the country, violence began to erupt as black people began to realise that they had to stand up for their civil rights.


Counts braved the walk through the school grounds in the face of disgusting abuse, and took her seat on enrolment day.

The actions of individuals such as Counts helped pave the way for the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s, and to this day she is seen as iconic in that she stood up, all alone, for who she was and what she stood for.

The sneering face directly behind the brave American girl holds much more prominence with added colour. The squinted eyes are much more recognisable and mocking smile emphasis the opposition Counts faced when she was simply trying to better herself.

 

[Im Kemet Rocky & I like penis]

Ramesses III

During the first few years of his reign, Rameses III consolidated the work of his father, Setnakhte, by bringing unity to the country. Therefore, in his fifth year when the Libyans attacked, Egypt was well prepared. It had been twenty-seven years since Merenptah had repulsed their last offensive, now again, an organized and efficient Egyptian army easily defeated them.

But this was nothing compared to the second and much greater threat, which came three years later. The Sea Peoples were on the move. They had, by now, desolated much of the Late Bronze Age civilizations and were ready to make a move on Egypt. A vast horde was marching south with a huge fleet at sea supporting the progress on land.

To counter this threat Rameses acted quickly. He established a defensive line in Southern Palestine and requisitioned every available ship to secure the mouth of the Nile. Dispatches were sent to frontier posts with orders to stand firm until the main army could be brought into action.

also: recent study, spread this like a forest fire...

"According to a genetic study in December 2012, Ramesses III belonged to Y-DNA haplogroup E1b1a with an East Africa Origin, a YDNA haplogroup that predominates in most Sub-Saharan Africans."

my last east/north African history post, the rest are going to be African American artist,inventors,and activists..