WHAT IS LAB-GROWN MEAT, AND HOW IS CULTURED MEAT MADE?
Sep 15, 2022
Billions of cows, chickens, and pigs are killed each year to feed an unsustainable demand for meat that’s eating away at the planet. But innovations in science and technology could bring this needless killing to an end. Lab-grown meat is here.
Eat Just's cultured chicken on a grill with vegetables.Eat Just / Good Meat
The concept of lab-grown meat—also known as cultured, cultivated, cell-based, or clean meat—emerged over the course of the last two decades. As Silicon Valley start-ups race to get lab-grown meat on the market, it's getting closer and closer to becoming available for consumers. And the stakes are incredibly high. Lab-grown meat has the potential to spare millions of animals from lifetimes of suffering and inhumane deaths in factory farms.
70 billion land animals, and possibly trillions of marine animals, are
killed for human consumption each year. A majority of these animals are raised in factory farms, where they experience brutal forms of abuse in severely overcrowded and putrid conditions for the entirety of their short lives.
Major meat producers often defend
factory farming as the most efficient way to meet the global demand for meat. But evidence shows that these facilities are disastrous for the environment, nearby communities, consumer health, and animal welfare.
It shouldn’t have to be this way. It's time to fix our
broken food system. It's time to look for alternatives. Lab-grown meat could hold the key.
What is lab-grown meat?
Lab-grown meat is a miracle of modern science. Scientists can harvest a small sample of cells from a living animal and cultivate the sample to grow outside of the animal's body, shaping the fully formed sample into cuts of meat. Fish fillets, hamburgers, and bacon would all have the same taste consumers know and love, and no animals would need to be bred, confined, or slaughtered to create these real meat products.
How is lab-grown meat made?
The term “lab-grown meat” might sound off-putting, but labs are only involved now, in order to support ongoing research and development. Once they begin to produce at scale, lab-grown meat companies will swap out laboratories for facilities that resemble microbreweries—a far cry from the
industrial farms that profit off of the horrific exploitation, abuse, and slaughter of sentient animals.
Instead of killing animals for their meat, the process of making lab-grown meat starts with the careful removal of a small number of muscle cells from a living animal, typically using local anesthesia to provide relief from pain. The animal will experience a momentary twinge of discomfort, not unlike the feeling of getting a routine blood test at the doctor’s office. This process is much less harmful than the lifetime of pain and terror animals experience leading up to their
horrific final moments at the slaughterhouse.
Then, a lab technician places the harvested cells in bioreactors before adding them to a bath of nutrients. The cells grow and multiply, producing real muscle tissue, which scientists then shape into edible “scaffoldings.” Using these scaffoldings, they can transform lab-grown cells into steak, chicken nuggets, hamburger patties, or salmon sashimi. The final product is a real cut of meat, ready to be marinated, breaded, grilled, baked, or fried—no animal slaughter required.
Is lab-grown meat actually meat?
The short answer is, yes! Lab-grown meat is real meat. It has the exact same animal cells as what we traditionally consider “meat”—the flesh of an animal. The difference has to do with how it gets to your plate: lab-grown meat comes from cells harvested from a living animal, while conventional meat comes from an animal that’s raised and killed for human consumption.
The idea that no animal has to be raised or killed may be enough to convince ethically-minded consumers to opt for lab-grown meat over conventional meat products. And, based on what companies and researchers have already shared about lab-grown meat, additional health benefits and reduced environmental impacts may also make lab-grown meat a more enticing choice for consumers.
What also makes lab-grown meat different is that it often doesn’t contain the same growth hormones and saturated fats associated with conventional meat.
Artificiality
Lab-grown meat isn’t artificial meat. It’s real animal flesh. It just happens to grow in a lab, not on a factory farm. Scientists are even working to ensure that lab-created muscle tissue mimics the
exact texture of traditionally-grown meat.
Thanks to this innovation, meat-lovers can still enjoy the products they already know and love, with the knowledge that no animals were brutally raised or slaughtered for their meal.
Health
Due to its high cholesterol and saturated fat content, meat consumption can lead to
chronic disease. However, lab-grown meat has the potential to reduce the negative health impacts of meat-eating. When growing meat in a lab, food scientists can actually control the quantities of harmful cholesterol and saturated fat in each cut.
Lab-grown meat can also address the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. Factory farms administer high amounts of antibiotics to animals in order to keep them alive in filthy conditions. But overusing these antibiotics can actually make the surviving bacteria stronger, rendering antibiotics ineffective against them.
According to the World Health Organization, at least 700,000 people die each year from antibiotic-resistant infections—a number that could soar to 10 million by 2050 if factory farming continues to be the norm. Fortunately, lab-grown meat is pretty resilient against bacteria like E. coli on its own, and, as such, would require fewer antibiotics.
Another perk is that lab-grown meat contains no growth hormones. Factory farms use these hormones to unnaturally boost the growth of farmed animals, and studies have shown that growth hormones can lead to harmful health impacts. The European Union commissioned researchers to examine six growth hormones used in the raising of cattle, and they concluded that the growth hormones had “developmental, neurobiological, genotoxic, and carcinogenic effects.”
While it doesn’t contain harmful antibiotics and growth hormones of traditional meat, lab-grown meat does contain the same amount of protein that is crucial to the health and proper functioning of our bodies, and we can get more than enough beneficial proteins from plant-based sources. That said, lab-grown meat will offer new options to consumers looking for proteins that are kinder to their health, as well as to the planet and animals.
Environment
The scientific research is clear:
factory farming is an environmental disaster. The industrial farming of animals is a major driver of climate change, deforestation, air and water pollution, and other planetary hazards.
As the looming threat of
irreversible climate change grows even closer, the need to address industrial animal farming becomes more urgent. According to the United Nations, animal agriculture contributes an estimated
14.5% of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. And the shocking truth is that emissions from factory farms could be
even higher than we think. Because of the lax environmental regulations in many countries, these emissions can easily
go unreported.
Lab-grown meat could offer a solution, with the potential to meet consumer demand for meat products without paying the heavy toll that industrial animal agriculture takes on the planet. Studies show that producing lab-grown meat using renewable energy would have a
significantly lower carbon footprint than even the most “sustainably-raised” traditional meat products.
As some researchers have pointed out, lab-grown meat production takes a lot of energy. Currently, a number of lab-grown meat producers rely on fossil fuels to power their facilities, which may not result in a net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. However, as it stands, lab-grown meat requires just a fraction of the intensive land use, deforestation, and freshwater that conventional meat production requires. If companies can find a way to power their facilities using renewable energy, lab-grown meat will be a net positive for the planet.
Do animals die for lab-grown meat?
Lab-grown meat doesn’t come from slaughtering animals. Instead, it comes from harvesting the cells of a living animal. In fact, cells taken from a single cow can
produce an astonishing 175 million quarter-pounder burgers. To put this in perspective, a typical factory farm would need to raise and kill 440,000 cows to produce the same amount of product. While some cultured meat is
created using by-products of animal slaughter, many cultivated meat companies are starting to create meat without any links to the slaughterhouse whatsoever.
Can vegans eat lab-grown meat?
Lab-grown meat is not technically vegan, because it contains cells taken from real, living animals.
In truth, vegans and vegetarians aren’t the target market for lab-grown meat. Lab-grown meat is designed to appeal to
omnivorous consumers. When lab-grown meat hits the market, it will allow omnivores to continue eating meat, without worrying about the ethical and environmental implications of factory farming. “The companies developing lab-grown meat believe this is the product most likely to wean
committed meat-eaters off traditional sources,” reports
The Guardian.
Although animals are still kept in captivity for its production, the small herds required for cellular agriculture pale in comparison to the thousands of animals crammed into a single factory farm. A future where lab-grown meat is the norm has the potential to significantly reduce animal suffering on a global scale.
Lab-grown meat pros and cons
Of course, we can’t be exactly sure how lab-grown meat will impact the world until it hits store shelves. Companies are still making tweaks and addressing unanswered questions surrounding the new innovation. Every new innovation has potential positive and negative impacts. Researchers and companies are still working through some uncertainty surrounding the introduction of lab-grown meat on a massive scale.
Why is lab-grown meat bad?
Some lab-grown meat contains an animal by-product known as
fetal bovine serum (FBS). Slaughterhouses obtain fetal bovine serum by collecting blood from the unborn calves of pregnant cows after they’re killed. San Francisco-based lab-grown meat producer
Eat Just uses a “very low level” of the serum in its chicken, which is the first lab-grown meat product to hit the market.
However, companies are quickly pivoting to find alternatives to FBS. In response to ethical concerns about using a slaughterhouse byproduct in the otherwise lab-grown meat, Dutch startup Mosa Meat revealed this year that it had successfully
eliminated FBS from its process. Eat Just is also developing an
animal-free alternative to fetal bovine serum.
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