There is zero chance of them being “Caucasian” for three reasons.
- Caucasian literally means having come from the Caucus Mountains. No, they did not.
- Caucasian as a Euphemism for “white Europeans” does not work either because they came from Africa and entered Europe.
- Caucasian as a euphemism for black people in North Africa whom white scholarly types try to claim as Caucasian even though they are black people is the absurdity of racism. The indigenous populations of North Africa were (and still are) black people. The Arabs from Western Asian were primarily black as well but ethnically different and religiously different.
There are at least three primary source artifacts that provide evidence that the Moors were black people. Even though, Europe - outside of the Catholic church and the waning Byzantine Empire - was barely literate. Alfonso X’s Cantigas de Santa Maria (which was primarily about white Spaniards) described the moors as black. It also depicted Moors. The Song of Roland was an epic poem by Charlemagne detailing the Francs’ defeat of Moorish forces and illustrated the battles. Finally, a mural in France that shows the death of Ysore via a lance to the throat. Ysore, the Giant, was the Saracen (Arab no less) who was controlling areas of Portugal and Sicily until his defeat by the French William of Orange. All three of these were drafted while the Moors still ruled in parts of Europe. So, unlike the Orientalist period later in Europe, these are accurate to how these Europeans saw the Moors… as black people be they African or Arab.
From the Cantigas de Santa Maria. Moors playing “chess.” Note, even the instrument they are playing is African. So, there is no way for Europeans who had not encountered Africans to literally depict that stringed instrument that is not only still played throughout the continent but dates to the Kemety period at the very least.
In the Cantigas, Alfonso X wrote they were as black as cooking pans.
Onward to the Song of Roland in which Charlemagne says they were as black as ink and melted pitch.
Ysore being killed by the French William of Orange.
So, essentially the Europeans who encountered them… depicted the Moors from their European viewpoint in descriptive literature as well as in artwork.
Moreover, by 1243, an early Spanish history book “De Rubus Hispanaie” described invading Ummayad Moors in this primary source account thusly:
The men were dressed in scarlet, and the reigns of their horses were as fire; their faces were as black as pitch – even the finest man among them was jet black. Their eyes glowed under their headdresses; they rode swiftly as if their horses were leopards; they were like wolves in the night.
'Viri exercitus in coccineis et equorum ignee sunt abene et eorum facies ut nigredo; uultus gloria quasi olle et eorum oculi uelat ignis; uelocior pardis miles eius et lupo crudelior uespertino.' III, XXII. Source:
https://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/8095/1/Kusi-Obodum18PhD.pdf
Why centuries later this is being debated as theoretical versus literal speaks to the racism that attempts to whiten North Africa, and ignore the waves of non-Africans/non-blacks who settled the coast of North Africa be it Greeks, Romans, Vandals, Turks, Ottomans, and even among the Arabs in order to proclaim that North Africa is/was not black. It is an attempt to make indigenous a phenotype that was not black to North Africa. History, archeology, genetics, linguistics does not support such a ruse. To be an indigenous African is to be black and that goes for North, South, East, Central, and West Africa. It is science that sets the paradigm because even the oldest human remains in North Africa are always black people. So, when later Greeks and Romans began describing various North Africans based on variations of black and brown. No one should be surprised.
Even before 711 AD, the Romans had been writing of the indigenous populations of North Africa, and using terms such as Nigritae (which became a color but really relates to people on the Niger River and etymologically is “big river” people) and Mauri/Mauros which are Latin-Greek words linguistically tied to the color black, even beyond describing the “Moors/Moros” proper. So, the entire nation of Mauritania is Greco-Roman for “black land” from a linguistic etymology. So, the Moors were described and depicted as Africans because that is who they were having come from their own homeland that despite foreigners being in North Africa, North Africa was still African and that always means black people. Any non-black today in North African can be shown genetically to be of mixed ancestry and often the “whitest” ones have the least African genes.