Part 2:
Those on the left who have studied diversity initiatives like antiracism and implicit-bias trainings point out that such programs
may not work as advertised. A
study of hundreds of employers over three decades suggests that the beneficial effects of such training tend to fade within days and that mandatory training can even increase racial resentments.
While some on the left nonetheless support D.E.I., leftist critics argue that these programs tend to advance the interests of companies rather than workers. “D.E.I. is fundamentally a tool of management,” said Jennifer C. Pan, author of “Selling Social Justice: Why the Rich Love Antiracism,” a book to be released in May by the publishing house Verso, which characterizes itself as radical.
In her book, Ms. Pan cites examples of how
employers and
anti-union consultantsdeploy D.E.I. programs as a way to undermine union campaigns by defusing pressure from workers.
“I don’t think companies were ever particularly sincere” about diversity programs, said Jaz Brisack, who helped start the union organizing campaign at Starbucks.Brendan Bannon for The New York Times
Those who share her view often cite
evidence suggesting that unions are more effective than D.E.I. programs in closing wage gaps between employees of different genders and races by raising wage floors and improving benefits like paid sick leave. Unlike a labor contract, they note, D.E.I. goals typically don’t impose a direct legal obligation on companies.
Other
studies have found that union membership also reduces racial bias, perhaps because unions enlist workers of different races to
work together to achieve shared goals.
“My perspective is that the only thing that actually enforces D.E.I. is a union contract,” said Kevin Gallagher, a former worker at an Apple retail store in Towson, Md., who helped lead a successful union campaign there and now works as an organizer for the International Association of Machinists.
Lindsay King, who worked at the same store for almost 15 years before quitting last month, said that while Apple’s diversity and inclusion initiatives had some positive effects — like making stores accessible to employees and customers with disabilities — the union had made more concrete progress in its
recent contract negotiation.
More politically moderate defenders of D.E.I. initiatives concede that the programs can fall short of their stated goals, and say this is sometimes partly by design. Alvin B. Tillery Jr., co-founder and chief executive of the 2040 Strategy Group, which advises employers on diversity programs, argued that policies like eliminating college-degree requirements for certain jobs were likely to be more effective in creating opportunities for Black and Latino workers than anti-bias training, but that they often lie outside the comfort zone of corporate executives.
“These things don’t happen because they probably diminish the amount of control that older white men have over the corporate space,” said Mr. Tillery, who considers himself a progressive Democrat.
Still, he argued, even more modest programs can improve diversity and reduce prejudice — and in most cases the alternative is not that workers will demand and win more sweeping improvements to working conditions, but that they will achieve no changes at all.
“Most workers are pretty docile in the face of management,” he said. “Most people go away quietly, they don’t organize.”
And some on the left, while skeptical that diversity programs make workplaces more fair, and distrustful of the corporations that start them, still find the focus on D.E.I. to be tactically useful. When companies that showcase D.E.I. policies, like Starbucks and
REI, resist employees’ attempts to unionize, organizers can sometimes gain leverage by accusing them of hypocrisy and tarnishing their progressive reputations.
“I don’t think companies were ever particularly sincere about this to begin with,” said Jaz Brisack, who helped start the union organizing campaign at Starbucks and now helps run a training program for organizers called the
Inside Organizer School.
“But if we’re going to be able to somehow persuade them to do the right thing, the best leverage we have is customer opinion.”
(Starbucks and REI have
both denied accusations of illegally suppressing union organizing.)
Mx. Brisack, who uses gender-neutral pronouns, said they worried that the rollback of D.E.I. policies could also make it easier for companies to retaliate against members of minority groups who speak up about mistreatment at work. “Even if it was hollow, at least companies weren’t able to just explicitly do that,” Mx. Brisack said, alluding to retaliation.
Mr. Sunkara of The Nation acknowledged that retreating from D.E.I. programs could pose risks and said he believed that many corporate D.E.I. initiatives were well-intentioned efforts by liberal human resources officials and managers “looking for the next civil rights frontier.”
But he said the emphasis on diversity was nonetheless harmful because it pushed workers to dwell on their differences and trained politicians to court racial and ethnic groups rather than appealing to interests that were more universal.
“What comes next might be worse,” Mr. Sunkara said. “But it has a chance to be better.”
Noam Scheiber is a Times reporter who writes about labor and the workplace and focuses on issues such as pay, artificial intelligence, discrimination and outsourcing, primarily involving white-collar workers. He has been a journalist for more than two decades