What Is a Call Option?
Call options are financial contracts that give the option buyer the right, but not the obligation, to buy a stock, bond,
commodity or other asset or instrument at a specified price within a specific time period. The stock, bond, or commodity is called the
underlying asset. A call buyer profits when the underlying asset increases in price.
A call option may be contrasted with a
put, which gives the holder the right to sell the underlying asset at a specified price on or before expiration.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
- A call is an option contract giving the owner the right, but not the obligation, to buy a specified amount of an underlying security at a specified price within a specified time.
- The specified price is known as the strike price and the specified time during which a sale is made is its expiration or time to maturity.
- Call options may be purchased for speculation, or sold for income purposes. They may also be combined for use in spread or combination strategies.
Call Option Basics
The Basics of Call Options
For options on stocks, call options give the holder the right to buy 100 shares of a company at a specific price, known as the
strike price, up until a specified date, known as the
expiration date.
For example, a single call option contract may give a holder the right to buy 100 shares of Apple stock at $100 up until the expiry date in three months. There are many expiration dates and strike prices for traders to choose from. As the value of Apple stock goes up, the price of the option contract goes up, and vice versa. The call option buyer may hold the contract until the expiration date, at which point they can
take delivery of the 100 shares of stock or sell the options contract at any point before the expiration date at the market price of the contract at that time.
The market price of the call option is called the
premium. It is the price paid for the rights that the call option provides. If at expiry the underlying asset is below the strike price, the call buyer loses the premium paid. This is the maximum loss.
If the underlying's price is above the strike price at expiry, the profit is the current stock price, minus the strike price and the premium. This is then multiplied by how many shares the option buyer controls.
For example, if Apple is trading at $110 at expiry, the strike price is $100, and the options cost the buyer $2, the profit is $110 - ($100 +$2) = $8. If the buyer bought one contract that equates to $800 ($8 x 100 shares), or $1,600 if they bought two contracts ($8 x 200). If at expiry Apple is below $100, then the option buyer loses $200 ($2 x 100 shares) for each contract they bought.
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Call options are often used for three primary purposes. These are income generation, speculation, and tax management.
There are several factors to keep in mind when it comes to
selling call options. Be sure you fully understand an option contract's value and profitability when considering a trade, or else you risk the stock rallying too high.
Covered Calls for Income
Some investors use call options to generate income through a
covered call strategy. This strategy involves owning an underlying stock while at the same time
writing a call option, or giving someone else the right to buy your stock. The investor collects the option premium and hopes the option expires worthless (below strike price). This strategy generates additional income for the investor but can also limit profit potential if the underlying stock price rises sharply.
Covered calls work because if the stock rises above the strike price, the option buyer will exercise their right to buy the stock at the lower strike price. This means the option writer doesn't profit on the stock's movement above the strike price. The options writer's maximum profit
on the option is the premium received.
Using Options for Speculation
Options contracts give buyers the opportunity to obtain significant exposure to a stock for a relatively small price. Used in isolation, they can provide significant gains if a stock rises. But they can also result in a 100% loss of premium, if the call option expires worthless due to the underlying stock price failing to move above the strike price. The benefit of buying call options is that risk is always capped at the premium paid for the option.
Investors may also buy and sell different call options simultaneously, creating a call spread. These will cap both the potential profit and loss from the strategy, but are more cost-effective in some cases than a single call option since the premium collected from one option's sale offsets the premium paid for the other.