Jazz came early to the island. Daniel Neely is an ethnomusicologist who studies mento, a calypso-sounding but distinctly Jamaican folk music that came out of the creolization of the quadrille dance songs that slaves were forced to perform for their masters dating back to the 1700s. He has found newspaper references to jazz as far back as the 1920s.
"I have articles with the word jazz used as if it were not a new thing," Neely says. "I can say with certainty that jazz was in Jamaica by the early '20s, if not earlier. In fact, I have read suggestions that jazz was in Jamaica as early as the late teens. It's likely that the Gleaner wouldn't pay attention," he says of the leading Jamaican newspaper, which has published since 1834 and, until relatively recently, ignored downtown cultural trends in favor of the upper crust.
Neely says that the Ward Theatre, which still stands in the heart of downtown Kingston, kept a ledger of its performances. "Along with several concerts by sailors in port in the late teens, there were numerous minstrel groups from America who could have introduced jazz. Also, Marcus Garvey was organizing concerts in the teens," he says, invoking the name of the Jamaican firebrand activist and entrepreneur who is now a national hero. "I don't know if he had jazz in them explicitly, but it's possible that with his international connections jazz got to Jamaica rather quickly. However, it wasn't until the mid-1930s that organized, annual dance-band competitions began being held in Kingston. Some of the bands that competed in these competitions included the King's Rhythm Aces and the Rhythm Raiders. A major performer of that era was Milton McPherson. They were very, very popular."
Carlos Malcolm, 69, remembers his dad playing in one of these musical throwdowns: "In 1936 my father took an orchestra to Jamaica called the Jazz Aristocrats from Panama to play at Liberty Hall in a competition with Jamaican jazz musicians." Malcolm is a trombonist, composer and arranger who formed the Afro-Jamaican Rhythms in 1962 after conversations with Machito and Mongo Santamaria. His group was by far the tightest and most advanced ska group in the era, seamlessly blending Jamaican folk music and jazz and easily mixing harmonic and rhythmic complexities into their always grooving dance-band sound. He lived in Panama as a youth because, like so many other West Indians, his trombone-playing father went there to work on the Panama Canal.
In the early 1940s two U.S. military bases opened in Jamaica, and soldiers and sailors would trade records with the locals, sometimes in exchange for trips to houses of ill repute. A USO club on Old Hope Road in Kingston provided entertainment for the servicemen and work for Jamaican musicians. "World War II really decimated the big bands in the United States," Malcolm says, "but the big bands in Jamaica were going full blast all the way through the war. Because there was no recording industry there, [the music has] been lost."
"The whole tradition of the dance bands in Jamaica, a lot of that musicianship was developed on the matrix of jazz," says longtime Jamaican broadcaster Dermot Hussey, now a programmer for XM Satellite Radio. "Those musicians used to play arrangements and scores that they got out of England, largely, but also Ellington or Erskine Hawkins or whoever. There was always a love for the music in the country, especially among the musicians.