Once-secret government documents are revealing new, long-hidden details on one of the CIA’s biggest Cold War controversies, involving defecting Soviet intelligence agents and U.S. counterspy programs targeting the Kremlin’s strategic deception operations against the West.
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Once-secret files reveal new details of CIA’s divisive defector dispute
By Bill Gertz
The seal of Central Intelligence Agency is seen in the lobby the headquarters building in Langley, Va., on Saturday, Sept. 24, 2022. (AP Photo/Kevin Wolf)
The seal of Central Intelligence Agency is seen in the lobby the headquarters building in Langley, Va., on Saturday, Sept. 24, 2022. (AP Photo/Kevin Wolf) more >
Once-secret government documents reveal long-hidden details on one of the CIA’s most prominent Cold War controversies, involving defecting Soviet intelligence agents and U.S. counterspy programs targeting the Kremlin’s strategic deception operations against the West.
Documents made public last month include formerly top-secret interviews with senior CIA counterintelligence officials, including legendary counterspy chief James Jesus Angleton, who was at the center of the bitter, long-running dispute inside the agency over the reliability of two top Soviet defectors, Yuri Nosenko and Anatoli Golitsyn.
The controversy relates to the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963 and the role of Nosenko, a KGB agent who defected shortly after the shooting in Dallas. Angleton and his staff thought Nosenko was a false defector dispatched by Moscow to mislead U.S. intelligence regarding Kennedy’s assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald.
Angleton, who died in 1987, remains a towering figure in intelligence circles among supporters and detractors, a shadowy master counterspy who became the subject of novels and nonfiction for decades. David Robarge, an official CIA historian, described Angleton as “one of the most influential and divisive intelligence officers in U.S. history.”
“He shaped CIA counterintelligence for better or worse for 20 years from 1954 to 1974 — nearly half of the agency’s Cold War existence — and his eccentricities and excesses have been widely portrayed as paradigmatic of how not to conduct counterintelligence,” Mr. Robarge said.
Others credit Angleton with protecting CIA operations from spy penetration by using defectors from Moscow that helped roll up large numbers of Soviet spies and agents around the world.
Before leaving the CIA in December 1974, Angleton sought to reorient the agency as a strategic counterintelligence service that would target the KGB and related spy agencies to take down the Soviet Union. Instead, the agency’s counterintelligence function after his departure was downgraded and removed as an independent function. Critics say the action resulted in significant failures at the agency years later.
A CIA spokeswoman declined to comment on Angleton and the defector controversy. The CIA is committed to “maximum transparency” in releasing government records on the Kennedy assassination, she said.
New details
Classified U.S. government documents released Dec. 15 related to the Kennedy assassination provide details of Angleton and his efforts to find moles — Soviet penetration agents — and counter what he regarded as a significant threat to U.S. security. A 1975 report to a presidential commission probing the agency’s domestic activities includes testimony by the former CIA counterspy chief, who was forced out of his job in December 1974.
In the document, Angleton warned the commission headed by then-Vice President Nelson Rockefeller that U.S. anti-Soviet counterintelligence efforts had been severely weakened at the CIA after his departure. FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover considered the program a low priority, he said.
Angleton told the commission that he regarded defector Golitsyn as a superior intelligence source with intimate knowledge of a major Soviet strategic deception operation. The program, Angleton said, involved the widespread use of false defectors such as Nosenko and disinformation operations designed to fool and frustrate Western intelligence agencies, he said.
Angleton said Golitsyn gained extraordinary access to Soviet secrets and that U.S.-Soviet detente – the policy of easing relations that began under President Nixon — was a strategic deception aimed at subverting the West.
“If there is validity to the information derived from Golitsyn, then it would follow that detente and estimates derived therefrom are misleading with regard to events in Portugal, Vietnam and other areas where we are in competition with the Soviets and the bloc,” he said. Most information provided from official Soviet contacts is “spurious,” Angleton added.
Analysts could glean more accurate intelligence if they relied less on public or overt reporting on Soviet intentions in dispatches from diplomats and instead turned to secret information from sources within the Soviet system “whose warnings regarding disinformation have been universally ignored,” he said.
The CIA counterspy chief told the commission that officials spent “several thousand man-hours” analyzing Nosenko’s information, and key elements of his testimony produced doubts that Nosenko’s defection was legitimate.
Nosenko, who was held in detention for three years after his defection in an unsuccessful effort to break him, asserted that he had read the case file on Oswald while in the KGB internal security service. Oswald was a former Marine who defected to Moscow and later returned to the U.S. and carried out the assassination. Oswald’s time in Russia and his possible links to the Soviet government became subjects of intense scrutiny in the investigation.
Angleton said in testimony that he blocked the Warren Commission investigating the assassination from using Nosenko’s information because of suspicions that Nosenko was a plant who remained secretly loyal to the KGB.
Nosenko was regarded as a “dispatched agent” sent to provide false information about the assassination and about the ring of Soviet agents in Britain such as senior MI-6 double agent Kim Philby and four confederates. Nosenko also was thought to have provided false information about KGB operations in France and double agents in the United States, Angleton testified.
“Given the timing of his defection, shortly after the assassination, his account – not borne out by the initial polygraph – may be viewed as exonerating the Soviets of any complicity with Oswald, thus supporting the flimsy documentation on Oswald handed over to the U.S. government by the USSR,” Angleton stated.
Angleton also doubted Nosenko’s claim that Soviet agents had not penetrated the U.S. government.
“This assertion flew in the face of the overview which Golitsyn gave to us regarding Soviet bloc penetrations of Western services and strategic deception,” he said.
In 1978, however, then-Deputy Chief of CIA Counterintelligence Leonard McCoy wrote a 57-page assessment defending Nosenko and criticizing Golitsyn.
McCoy, who died in 2019, called Nosenko one of the CIA’s most essential defectors. He said Nosenko inflicted significant damage on the KGB despite showing signs, as did other defectors, of a personality disorder.
“The evidence shows that he has damaged the Soviet intelligence effort more than all the other KGB defectors combined,” McCoy stated in a memorandum released in December.
McCoy said Nosenko identified 73 past, present or potential American agents for the KGB and 97 other foreign spy suspects. He also supplied 200 leads and identified more than 400 KGB officers and agents.
John Schindler, a former counterintelligence official at the National Security Agency, said there is little doubt that the defector debate over Golitsyn and Nosenko boiled down to Nosenko’s bona fides and created internal “churn and chaos” at the CIA.
“Although some of this has been overblown, particularly among anti-Angleton partisans, the debate was real and divisive,” he said. He added that Golitsyn became a “fantasist” but Nosenko also told lies and fabrications.
“While I hold Angleton in high regard generally, nobody should head your counterintelligence office for 20 years as he did. It’s too much. It strains the senses,” Mr. Schindler said.