Islamic banking likes to buy the asset then re-sell it at a higher rate instead of charging interest.
Islamic Finance
By Simon Harvey | Updated Feb 12, 2015 4:56 PM EST
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The Koran
forbids charging interest or paying it. Yet even strictly observant Muslims can participate in modern-day commerce. They use alternative arrangements designed to comply with
sharia, or Islamic law. These financial instruments, in which the buyer and the seller typically share risk as well as profit, are some of the fastest-growing on the market. Even companies and governments outside the Muslim world are using them. And why not? The world’s Muslim
population is growing rapidly and in many places growing wealthier, creating new customers for sharia-compliant bonds, mortgages and insurance. Fans of these arrangements think they can compete with conventional ones even for non-Muslim customers. How big Islamic finance can become, however, is a matter of debate.
The Situation
Assets of Islamic banks almost doubled to
$1.3 trillion in mid-2013 from
$820 billion in 2008. Sales of Islamic bonds, called sukuk, grew to
$120 billion in 2013 from about
$6.6 billion in 2004. The U.K., which hopes to become a global center of Islamic finance, in mid-2014
became the first non-Muslim country to raise funds by selling sukuk;
Luxembourg, South Africa and
Hong Kong followed. Companies such as
General Electric Capital and
Goldman Sachs also have sold sukuk. Rather than lend money to a conventional borrower in exchange for interest, sukuk holders
own a share of the asset their investment funds and receive income from any profit it generates. Investors in Muslim-dominated countries in the Middle East and Asia aren’t the only ones buying sukuk: There’s strong
demand in Europe and the U.S., too. Islamic insurance, which operates on a cooperative business model, is also expanding. Ernst & Young
projects it will maintain double-digit growth, with member contributions totaling $20 billion by 2017.
SOURCES: INSTITUTE OF ISLAMIC BANKING AND INSURANCE, ISLAMIC-FINANCE.COM
The Background
In Islamic texts, charging interest is regarded as
exploitation of a person in need. A rudimentary form of Islamic finance existed from the time of the Prophet Muhammad, in the
seventh century, but the modern version took root only during the colonial era. The first sharia-compliant bank was established in Egypt in 1963. Iran, where
all banks must be sharia-compliant, is the largest market for Islamic banking. Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Turkey and Indonesia hold about
91 percent of the remaining Islamic banking assets. The Islamic Bank of Britain, established in 2004, was the first such institution outside the Muslim world.
The Argument
Even with its explosive growth, Islamic finance makes up just
1 percentor so of
global financial assets. Champions of the approach argue that in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, it can appeal beyond devout Muslims to other customers worried about the stability of the financial system or those interested in
ethical banking practices.
They say sharia-based financing
promotes stability because it prohibits speculation and the practice of overloading companies with debt. Money is channeled toward investments in enterprises that produce actual goods and services, rather than buying and selling on financial markets. Skeptics note that ethical banking enthusiasts are usually interested in an institution’s environmental policies and engagement with the local community, not whether it forbids profiting from alcohol, tobacco, gambling and pornography, as sharia requires. Some customers may be
turned off by the
dearth of women in management at most Islamic financial companies. Others may worry about institutions being exploited to funnel money to Islamic terrorists, a
concern raised in a U.S. State Department memo about Islamic finance in the U.K. After Christian groups in South Korea raised the same issue, the government
put off making tax changes to accommodate Islamic finance. The industry is also challenged by
high costs due to the complexity of the instruments and the fees paid to scholars to certify sharia compliance. And many products, such as hedging instruments and short-term government securities, are in short supply. Progress in establishing
common standards for sharia-compliance has been slow, creating the risk that instruments could be declared unacceptable, as
several sukuk have been after issuance.
THE REFERENCE SHELF
FIRST PUBLISHED FEB. 12, 2015
To contact the writer of this QuickTake:
Simon Harvey in Kuala Lumpur at
sharvey6@bloomberg.net
To contact the editor responsible for this QuickTake:
Lisa Beyer at
lbeyer3@bloomberg.net