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WSJ News Exclusive | Brazil Moves Away From Chinese Covid-19 Vaccine
Luciana Magalhaes and Samantha Pearson
9-11 minutes
SÃO PAULO—Brazil, a major buyer of China’s CoronaVac shot and a poster child for Beijing’s efforts at vaccine diplomacy, is making a speedy retreat from the Covid-19 vaccine as
concerns grow over its efficacy against
the Delta variant and other vaccines become more readily available.
Brazil’s federal government has halted negotiations over additional doses of Sinovac’s vaccine, CoronaVac, spokespeople for the government and its local producer, the Butantan Institute, told The Wall Street Journal. The
government has also said it won’t recommend use of CoronaVac for a third booster shot.
Brazil’s shift away from the Chinese vaccine, which it relied on heavily earlier this year, comes as several other Latin American nations and southeastern Asian countries also reduce their reliance on Chinese-made Covid-19 vaccines, marking a potential turning point in the global pandemic response as the U.S. establishes itself as the go-to global supplier.
China came to the rescue of many developing nations earlier this year, supplying governments with vaccines as richer nations bought up the majority of Western-made shots. Government officials in countries like Brazil credit the Chinese shots with saving many lives. Brazil is second only to the U.S. in the number of official Covid-19 deaths at nearly 600,000.
Brazil Health Minister Marcelo Queiroga has said the government no longer recommends using CoronaVac as a booster dose.
Photo: adriano machado/Reuters
But as the pace of immunization slows in the
U.S., freeing up supplies of Pfizer and Moderna shots, poorer countries are now backing away from those made by Sinovac and Chinese state firm Sinopharm.
The Chinese shot accounted for
80% of administered doses during the first two months of Brazil’s immunization campaign earlier this year, but
now accounts for fewer than 35%, as
Brazil has also stepped up local production of the Oxford- AstraZeneca shot, government data shows.
Brazil bought 100 million doses of Sinovac, nearly all of which have been delivered. About two-thirds of Brazilians have had one vaccine shot, and just over a third have had two doses.
The purchase of another 30 million doses of Chinese vaccines—a move considered by Brazilian health authorities until at least last month—is no longer under discussion, a government spokesman told The Wall Street Journal. The Butantan Institute, Brazil’s local producer of CoronaVac, told the Journal talks for the purchase had not advanced and no deal would be signed.
Health Minister Marcelo Queiroga said during a television interview last week that
the government no longer recommends using CoronaVac as a booster dose, recommending Pfizer instead.
Seniors lined up at a school in São Paulo to receive booster doses of Covid-19 vaccine.
Photo: Joel Silva/Fotoarena/Zuma Press
The Chinese foreign ministry said vaccine cooperation between the two countries hadn’t stopped and that most of the vaccines used in Brazil are from China. Sinovac and Sinopharm didn’t respond to requests for comment.
Other countries are also shifting away from the Chinese vaccine. In neighboring Peru, Sinopharm’s shot now represents less than a third of the doses administered after accounting for nearly all Covid-19 doses in the initial months of the country’s immunization campaign, displaced by Pfizer shots.
Less demand for CoronaVac both in Brazil and elsewhere in South America has upended plans for local production of the vaccine. The Butantan Institute, a Brazilian state-run research institute, is building a factory on the outskirts of São Paulo to produce the Chinese shot for distribution across Latin America. But given lower demand for the Chinese vaccine, Butantan is already looking at alternative products to manufacture in the factory, which is due to be finished in coming months, said one person close to its operations.
Ingredients from China for local production of Covid-19 vaccine arrived in São Paulo in May.
Photo: Paulo Lopes/Zuma Press
Butantan held CoronaVac’s largest clinical trials anywhere in the world and said earlier this year that it could start shipping the shot to Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Honduras, Peru and Uruguay as of May. That hasn’t yet happened.
In Brazil, São Paulo’s state government is still administering CoronaVac as a booster dose, despite the federal government’s guidelines that it no longer be used. “People should take whichever vaccine is available,” said João Gabbardo, head of the state’s Covid-19 task force.
Even before the rapid spread of the Delta variant, which epidemiologists and several studies have shown to be more transmissible and more virulent, there were growing concerns among experts over the continued use of CoronaVac.
Brazil President Jair Bolsonaro spoke at a rally in São Paulo this week.
Photo: paulo lopes/Agence France-Presse/Getty Images
While
CoronaVac is highly effective at preventing deaths, it has one of the lowest efficacy rates among any Covid-19 vaccine for preventing symptomatic infections—just 50.4%, according to final-stage trials in Brazil last year. This makes it harder for countries to bring down total case numbers and thereby control transmission, epidemiologists said.
There is evidence it is even less effective among the elderly—as little as 28% effective in over-80-year-olds, according to one study this year from the Global Health Institute in Barcelona and Brazil’s Oswaldo Cruz Foundation that hasn’t been peer-reviewed.
“It doesn’t make sense to buy this vaccine anymore,” said Carla Domingues, a former head of Brazil’s National Immunization Program. “It was fundamental at the beginning,” she said. “But it has a low efficacy rate among the elderly and it’s better to buy other vaccines.”
Despite being less effective than some other vaccines
, the Chinese shot was a crucial stopgap for many countries that didn’t get immediate access to Western-made shots.
As the only widely available vaccine in Brazil earlier this year, CoronaVac was the first to be administered, doled out to medical workers and the elderly.
“CoronaVac played its role, it helped a lot,” said Henrique Mandetta, former health minister.
About 14,000 Brazilians over the age of 80 would have died if they hadn’t been vaccinated with what was available, mostly CoronaVac, according to a study by Harvard and Brazil’s Pelotas universities.
China’s ability to deliver vaccines to Brazil early in the pandemic has paid some political and economic dividends.
President Jair Bolsonaro’s administration said last November it was backing an initiative by the Trump administration to exclude China’s Huawei from 5G networks world-wide to impede Chinese electronic surveillance. But China’s help in selling vaccines and medical supplies have helped ease resistance, and Beijing’s participation is now widely expected in an auction taking place in coming months, said Rubens Ricupero, a prominent former Brazilian diplomat with close ties to Brazil’s foreign service.
The Butantan Institute this week administered a third dose of Covid-19 vaccine in older people in the city of Serrana.
Photo: Joel Silva/Fotoarena/Zuma Press
Write to Luciana Magalhaes at
Luciana.Magalhaes@wsj.com and Samantha Pearson at
samantha.pearson@wsj.com