Cape Verdeans' role as middlemen in the transatlantic slave trade

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Cape Verde History :: CapeVerdeWeb.com

The Slave Trade
The Cape Verde Islands played a pivotal role in the transatlantic Slave Trade. European colonisation of the new world required a labour force to exploit the land and was a ready market for the cheapest labour of all, slaves. Along with goods, the Cape Verde Islands also had exclusive rights to the trade in slaves from the West African coast. Apart from this legal necessity for the slaves to pass through the Cape Verde slave markets, the Islands also offered slave traders several advantages over direct trade with the African coast. The hardship of imprisonment and the sea journey from the African mainland would have already killed many of the weaker slaves, meaning that a higher proportion would survive the cramped Atlantic crossing. Secondly, the slaves that were for sale in Ribeira Grande would have received basic training and learned some Portuguese. The traders also avoided having to trade directly on the African coast with the perils that would have entailed. Initially, the Slave Trade made Ribiera Grande rich and it became the first European City in the tropics.

In 1560, Cape Verde lost its exclusive concession to trading rights along the African coast and Ribiera Grande began a long decline in importance and prosperity. The Portuguese Crown granted trading rights to various monopolies while at the same time reducing the rights of Cape Verdeans to trade with outsiders. Eventually Cape Verde became bypassed in the Slave Trade and its inhabitants were even banned (upon pain of death) from trading cloth with foreigners.

War in Europe, at the beginning of the 18th century, temporarily paused the transatlantic slave trade and arrived in Cape Verde with the destruction of Ribeira Grande by the French in 1712. Portugal finally responded to the dire situation on the Islands and ended the crippling trade restrictions in 1721.

The People

The first European Settlers on the Islands, who were mostly male, mixed with the African Slaves that they had brought to work the land on the Islands. A large number of these first settlers were Jews, who were being expelled from Spain and Portugal at the time of the Inquisition.

Many of this first generation of offspring of Settlers and Slaves, went to the African Coast, where they became the middlemen between the African Tribes and Portuguese in the Slave Trade. Later, in the 19th Century, Portugal would banish over 2500 European degredados (convicts) to the Islands. The descendants of these Settlers, Slaves and Convicts as well as visiting Pirates and Sailors account for the 70% of Cape Verde's population that are of mixed race.

Cape Verde - Aisling Irwin, Colum Wilson - Google Books

During the first 150 years of colonisation, blacks and whites came together to found the Cape Verdean ancestry, and the core of Cape Verdean society became remarkably stable.

Black and white, isolated from the rest of the world by the ocean, developed complex layers of relationships. Intermarriage produced a race of mesticos who had nowhere else to call their motherland and who were not to a assert a national identity until the 20th century.

It was these "pre-Cape Verdeans" white and, increasingly, people of mixed race governing a large numbers of slaves.

Portugal ruled by skin color. A census of 1856 listed 17 distinctions, ranging from various shades of "very dark" to "almost white." Many lighter Cape Verdeans clung to their rank and despised the darker ones.

It's so demonic, friends. :sitdown:
 

The Real

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Over 70% of Cape Verdeans identify as Mulatto. Only about 28% identify as African, according to their own census: Cape Verde: Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture, Facts, Guide & Travel/Holidays/Cities | Infoplease.com


In the 1990s, the Cape Verdeans of MA (where most Cape Verdean Americans live) campaigned to get a category for themselves on the US census because they didn't want to write down Black:
The Telegraph - Google News Archive Search

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Over 70% of Cape Verdeans identify as Mulatto. Only about 28% identify as African, according to their own census: Cape Verde: Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture, Facts, Guide & Travel/Holidays/Cities | Infoplease.com


In the 1990s, the Cape Verdeans of MA (where most Cape Verdean Americans live) campaigned to get a category for themselves on the US census because they didn't want to write down Black:
The Telegraph - Google News Archive Search

:smh: Shameful.
 

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The distinction between "black" and "white" in the America to which the Cape Verdeans arrived was defined and the Cape Verdeans faced prejudice. Dr. Dwayne Williams, the executive director of the Rhode Island Black Heritage Society, spoke about Cape Verdeans to a group at Brown University in Providence in February of 1997. He explained that even when Americans attempted to classify Cape Verdeans as black, and often dismissed them because of that, "Cape Verdeans [still] refused to fit within this framework. That differentiates them." Those Cape Verdeans born in the nineteenth century, and before World War I in the islands and in America, created a distinct identity, separate from their African ancestors. They did not think of themselves as "African Americans" in the same way that the descendants of America's slaves did. For them, their European blood was as much a part of their ancestry as was their African blood. That was true especially for those who settled away from the concentrated Cape Verdean environments of New England, and moved into the Midwest. Because a majority of them were Roman Catholics in a country where few African Americans shared in that faith, Cape Verdean Americans more often found themselves in the company of other white Catholics. Many of these white Catholics were immigrants from Eastern Europe, also struggling to blend into their new country. The Cape Verdeans considered themselves Portuguese and usually expressed that distinction when their identity was questioned.Cape Verdean immigrants, like their fellow white parishioners and factory coworkers in ethnic neighborhoods, spoke a different language. Although many of them were forced into black neighborhoods because of their skin color, earlier generations of Cape Verdean Americans maintained a society separate from other African Americans surrounding them. Their customs, their language, and their religion kept them together in closely-knit extended families. Cape Verdeans, into the middle of the twentieth century, often had large immediate families, with five or more children. For Catholics, practicing a faith that banned birth control and abortion, children were accepted as a natural consequence of marriage. For Cape Verdean Catholics endured a past marked by great uncertainty because of droughts and famines, and children were accepted not only as a matter of their faith. They were also received with joy at the prospect of continuing on and surviving for generations to come.Read more:*Cape Verdean Americans - History, Modern era, The first cape verdeans in america

Cape Verdean Americans - History, Modern era, The first cape verdeans in america
 

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CV was the first stop point for Portuguese (first euros to engage in trans-atlantic slave trade) arrived at before proceeding along the rest of the western coast.

Cape Verdeans are in fact mulattoes for the most part....the result of Portuguese and West African(mainly from Senegambia) :shake: :hug: :eat: :cheers:
 
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