The
Crown Heights riot was a three-day race riot that occurred from August 19 to August 21, 1991 in the
Crown Heights section of
Brooklyn,
New York City. It turned black residents and
Orthodox Jewish residents against each other, causing deteriorated racial relations. The riots began on August 19, 1991, after two children of
Guyanese immigrants were unintentionally struck by an automobile in the motorcade of
Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the
leader of a Jewish religious sect. One child died and the second was severely injured. This event was said to cause tensions between Jewish and black residents to erupt.
In its wake, several Jews were seriously injured; one Orthodox Jewish man was killed; and a non-Jewish man, apparently mistaken by rioters for a Jew, was killed by a group of black men. Two black men were convicted in federal court but were later found innocent.
[1] The riots were a major issue in the 1993 mayoral race, contributing to the defeat of Mayor
David Dinkins, an African American, who was blamed for an ineffective police response. Ultimately, black and Jewish leaders developed an outreach program between their communities to help calm and possibly improve racial relations in Crown Heights over the next decade.
[2
Rioting
For three days following the accident, numerous African Americans and Caribbean Americans of the neighborhood, joined by growing numbers of non-residents, rioted in Crown Heights. In the rioting of the ensuing three days, according to Edward Shapiro, many of the rioters "did not even live in Crown Heights."
[5]
During the riots, Jews were injured, stores were
looted, and cars and homes were damaged. The rioters identified Jewish homes by the
mezuzot affixed to the front doors.
[14]
An additional 350 police officers were added to the regular duty roster on August 20 and were assigned to Crown Heights in an attempt to quell the rioting. After episodes of rock- and bottle-throwing involving hundreds of blacks and Jews, and after groups of blacks marched through Crown Heights chanting "No Justice, No Peace!", "Death to the Jews!", and "Whose streets? Our streets!", an additional 1,200 police officers were sent to confront rioters in Crown Heights.
[5]
On the third day of the disturbances,
Al Sharpton and
Sonny Carson led a march.
[22] The marchers proceeded through Crown Heights, carrying antisemitic signs and an Israeli flag was burned.
[22][23] Rioters threw bricks and bottles at police; shots were fired at police and police cars were pelted and overturned, including the Police Commissioner’s car.
[5][14]
Riots escalated to the extent that a detachment of 200 police officers was overwhelmed and had to retreat for their safety. On August 22, over 1,800 police officers, including mounted and motorcycle units, had been dispatched to stop the attacks on people and property.
[5]
By the time the three days of rioting ended, 152 police officers and 38 civilians were injured, 27 vehicles were destroyed, seven stores were looted or burned,
[24] and 225 cases of robbery and burglary were committed.
[5] At least 129 arrests were made during the riots,
[24] including 122 blacks and seven whites.
[25][26] Property damage was estimated at one million dollars.
[5]
Related shooting murder
On September 5, two weeks after the riot had been controlled, Anthony Graziosi, an Italian sales representative with a white beard dressed in dark business attire, was driving in the neighborhood. As he stopped at a traffic light at 11 pm, six blocks away from where Yankel Rosenbaum had been murdered, a group of four black men surrounded his car and one of them shot and killed him. It was alleged by Graziosi's family and their attorney, as well as Senator
Al D'Amato, Senator
Daniel Patrick Moynihan, State Attorney General
Robert Abrams, former Mayor
Ed Koch, and a number of advocacy organizations, that Graziosi's resemblance to a Hasidic Jew precipitated his murder. The New York Police Department,
Mayor Dinkins, newspaper columnist
Mike McAlary, and the
U.S. Justice Department did not agree. The murder was not treated as a
bias crime.
[27]