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British archaeologists have unearthed a slave burial ground containing an estimated 5,000 bodies on the remote South Atlantic island of Saint Helena. The island is part of the British overseas territory of St. Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha. The bodies belonged to slaves who were taken off ships embarking on the Middle Passage route to trade African workers and other commodities. According to the article, the slaves were taken to refugee camps as part of the British Royal Navy’s efforts to crack down on Caribbean slave trade.
The corpses were found on tiny St Helena, 1,000 miles off the coast of south-west Africa. Those who died were slaves taken off the ships of slave traders by the Royal Navy in the 1800s, when Britain was suppressing slavery in the Caribbean. Many of the captives died after being kept on the slavers’ ships in appalling conditions, and later in refugee camps when they reached the island.
According to Britain’s National Archives, between 1808 and 1869 the Royal Navy seized more than 1,600 slave ships and freed about 150,000 Africans. The dig, held in advance of the construction of a new airport on the island, revealed the horrors of the Atlantic slave trade. The Middle Passage was the name of the route taken by ships transporting slaves from Africa to the new world. It was the second leg of a triangular journey undertaken by European ships. The first leg would involve taking manufactured goods to Africa, which they would trade for slaves. After the Africans were delivered to the West Indies and Brazil (and, until the abolition slavery in 1809, the US [sic*]), the ships would take raw materials back to Europe. [*Note by Repeating Islands: the U.S. abolished slave trade in 1808 with the “Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves,” but did not abolish slavery in the country until 1865.]
Experts from Bristol University led the dig. One of them, Prof Mark Horton, said: “Here we have the victims of the Middle Passage – one of the greatest crimes against humanity – not just as numbers, but as human beings. These remains are certainly some of the most moving that I have ever seen in my archaeological career
.”
Only five individuals were buried in coffins – one adolescent and four stillborn or newborn babies. The others had been put directly in shallow graves before being hastily covered. In some cases mothers were buried with their children. Dr Andrew Pearson of the university said 83% of the bodies were those of children, teenagers or young adults. Youngsters were often prime material for slave traders, who sought victims with long potential working lives.
Most causes of death could not be established on the bodies as the main killers – dehydration, dysentery and smallpox – leave no pathological trace. But experts found scurvy was widespread on the skeletons and several showed indications of violence, including two older children who appeared to have been shot. The team found evidence the victims were from a rich culture, with a strong sense of ethnic and personal identity. A few had managed to retain items of jewelry such as beads and bracelets, despite the physical stripping process that would have taken place after their capture. A number of metal tags were also found on the bodies that would have identified the slaves by name or number.
Pearson, the director of the project, said: “Studies of slavery usually deal with unimaginable numbers, work on an impersonal level and, in so doing, overlook the individual victims. In Rupert’s Valley, however, the archaeology brings us quite literally face-to-face with the human consequences of the slave trade.” [Also see post below on the book by Andrew Pearson, Ben Jeffs, Annsofie Witkin, and Helen MacQuarrie: New Book: “Infernal Traffic—Excavation of a Liberated African Graveyard in Rupert’s Valley, St Helena”]
Excavated artifacts will be transferred to Liverpool for an exhibition at the International Slavery Museum in 2013. The human remains will be re-interred on St Helena.
[Many thanks to House of Nehesi Publishers for bringing this item to our attention.]
For original article, see http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012...-helena-island
Photo above is from http://bonesdontlie.wordpress.com/20...rom-st-helena/ ; second photo (of slaves who survived on St Helena) is fromSaint Helena 15.55 South 5.43 West
